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• Attrition
  *[[language attrition]] (changes in a language due to less and less use) *[[phonetic attrition]] (phonetic reduction in language change)
  212 bytes (29 words) - 15:52, 7 September 2008
• Pidgin
  A '''pidgin (language)''' is a language with a simplified structure that has no or few [[native speaker]]s and is p ...e and its vocabulary must be sharply reduced [...], and also the resultant language must be native to none of those who use it."'' (Hall 1966:xii)
  2 KB (218 words) - 08:16, 1 February 2009
• Dissimilation
  '''Dissimilation''' (also called dissimilatory change) is a sound change in which one sound becomes less similar than another, usually adjacent, sou * McMahon, April M.S. 1994. Understanding language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  932 bytes (108 words) - 08:57, 9 February 2009
• Xenism
  ...stage is when a word from one language is used in an utterance of another language in order to create a somewhat exotic effect. A this stage, the word is not *Jones, Mari C. & Singh, Ishtla. 2005. ''Exploring language change.'' London: Routledge.
  801 bytes (110 words) - 12:18, 19 October 2007
• Grammaticalization path
  ...he pathway a form or construction takes during [[grammaticalization]]. The change from a [[lexical item]] to a grammatical form does not take place in one ab ...act-induced change]], since they have "usually been viewed as independent, language internal changes" (Heine & Kuteva 2005:14).
  2 KB (192 words) - 17:07, 29 October 2007
• Cultural borrowing
  ...ord]] that was adopted to express a concept that is new to the [[recipient language]] speakers' culture. The term is especially used in Myers-Scotton's work an ...age's store of words because they stand for objects or concepts new to the language's culture."'' (Myers-Scotton 2006:212)
  593 bytes (82 words) - 15:05, 2 July 2007
• Multicultural London English
  ...e late 20th century in inner city London. Being the result of group second language acquisition of British English, it incorporates features of Patois, West A ...Ethnicity, Friendship Network and Social Practices as the Motor of Dialect Change: Linguistic Innovation in London. ''Sociolinguistica'', 22: 1–23.
  1 KB (140 words) - 09:09, 13 November 2012
• Antigrammaticalization
  '''Antigrammaticalization''' is a morphosyntactic change that is the opposite of grammaticalization in that it "leads from the endpo ...own the cline: The nature of grammaticalization.'' (Typological Studies in Language, 59.) Amsterdam: Benjamins, 17-44.
  1 KB (154 words) - 15:03, 4 February 2008
• Metatypy
  ...del language in which the speakers are bilingual and which is the dominant language of the speakers. ...orresponding verb is ''metatypize'' (e.g. "a metatypized language", i.e. a language that has undergone metatypy).
  3 KB (356 words) - 16:05, 13 July 2014
• Normal transmission
  ...parent generation and/or the peer group, "with relatively small degrees of change over the short run"(Thomason & Kaufmann 1988: 9f.). ...ak in transmission are [[creole]] languages and all other types of [[mixed language]]s.
  1 KB (177 words) - 17:09, 29 October 2007
• Sound change
  '''Sound change''' is a kind of [[language change]] concerning the phonological system (including phonetic realisation). If a sound change is a general phenomenon, it is called a [[sound law]] or a [[phonetical rul
  778 bytes (111 words) - 14:57, 27 July 2014
• Native word
  ...ed]] from another language, but was inherited from an earlier stage of the language, i.e. a word that is not a [[loanword]]. ...]. At a still earlier time, ''hand'' may have been borowed from some other language, i.e. it may be a loanword after all (we have no way of knowing).
  819 bytes (129 words) - 14:43, 29 August 2007
• Core borrowing
  ...ite the fact that a word for the concept already exists in the [[recipient language]]. *"Core borrowings are words that duplicate elements that the recipient language already has in its word store...Then why are they borrowed? One answer is c
  556 bytes (74 words) - 14:36, 2 July 2007
• Elision
  [[Category:Language change]]
  330 bytes (43 words) - 16:44, 13 February 2009
• Loan creation
  The term '''loan creation''' denotes a type of contact-induced lexical change whereby a new complex word is created matching a foreign model semantically ...ions of a foreign model, but were secondarily created within the borrowing language. An example is the Yaqui term ''liósnóoka'' 'pray', composed of the loanw
  2 KB (237 words) - 12:19, 19 October 2007
• Chain shift
  ...t is that all the phonemes of a language build a balanced system so that a change in one part of the system can cause changes in its other parts. In this vie ...y pulling in some other sound of the phonemic system. If after this second change a new gap emerges the process of pulling continues resulting in a chain of
  3 KB (484 words) - 10:09, 11 February 2008
• Fixed-context assumption
  ...antic frameworks that interpret expressions in terms of their potential to change the context. * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219
  830 bytes (106 words) - 03:37, 18 May 2009
• Cognate
  ...variety of the same language, or even to a different form within the same language/variety) due to a historical/genealogical relationship between the two form ...]] can be established with the [[comparative method]]. In this way [[sound change]]s like the ones described by [[Grimm's Law]] can be recognized.
  1 KB (222 words) - 17:08, 29 October 2007
• Foreignism
  ...when the [[recipient language]] community is not bilingual in the [[donor language]]. [[Category:Contact-induced change]]
  606 bytes (84 words) - 16:34, 29 June 2014
• Relexification
  ...bstrate language]]s, while their words derive from the European [[lexifier language]]s. ...s been largely replaced...by a more recent vocabulary derived from another language, while the original grammatical structure is preserved... This process of r
  2 KB (239 words) - 08:57, 17 September 2007
• Relabelling
  ...by phonetic strings of semantically corresponding words from a [[lexifier language]] during the process of [[relexification]]. ...eir phonological representations with representations derived from another language...I will refer to this second phase of relexification as relabelling."'' (L
  926 bytes (120 words) - 08:55, 17 September 2007
• Corpus planning
  '''Corpus planning''' is one aspect of [[language planning]], in the well-known classification of Kloss (1969): It refers to ...[[corpus]], but the [[structure]] of a language (which after a successful change will of course lead to changes in corpora).
  648 bytes (88 words) - 16:57, 30 January 2013
• Radical reanalysis
  ...l form of the more general concept of [[reanalysis]], which is defined "as change in the structure of an expression or class of expressions that does not inv ...re drastic in so far as a new category is introduced to the grammar of the language.
  3 KB (419 words) - 17:09, 29 October 2007
• Esoteric vs. exoteric communication
  ...use that are sometimes distinguished in anthropological linguistics and in language contact studies, first called by these terms in Thurston (1987) (see also W ...nlikely to predict what the speaker will talk about. This is possible in a language with simple, unambiguous elements that can be combined by unambiguous rules
  1 KB (207 words) - 13:49, 11 December 2007
• Drift (de)
  ...Autoren ‘drift’ „''as an umbrella term for certain, possible directions of change''“ sehen (Jones und Singh 2005, S. 9). Als Beispiele für solch einen ger
  2 KB (226 words) - 20:45, 8 February 2009
• Assimilation
  '''Assimilation''' is a [[sound change]] process by which one (neighboring) [[segment]] causes another [[segment]] ...nce) and to [m] in ''input'' (partial convergence). In the latter case the change is from alveolar to [[labial]] under influence of the neighbouring labial s
  2 KB (224 words) - 16:56, 15 June 2014
• Typological consistency
  In the standard work on typological consistency two basic types of language are distinguished, those where (direct) objects precede the verb (OV), and ...e inflecting, a property he also believed to be related to the type of the language.
  4 KB (698 words) - 17:09, 29 October 2007
• Loanword
  ...story of a language was [[borrowing (i.e. copying)|borrowed]] from another language. A word that is not a loanword is called a [[native word]] (or [[to inherit [[Category:Contact-induced change]]
  861 bytes (126 words) - 21:02, 16 February 2009
• Language planning
  ...ts, educators or intellectuals to modify the structure or social role of a language. * Cobarrubias, Juan & Fishman, Joshua A. (eds.) 1983. ''Progress in language planning: International perspectives.'' Berlin: Mouton.
  1 KB (155 words) - 16:56, 30 January 2013
• Syntacticization
  ...tnessed e.g. when (discourse) topics turn into (grammatical) subjects in a language. ...vidual speakers of a pidgin to a more predictable word-order of the creole language-community has been reported.
  1 KB (161 words) - 07:20, 25 January 2008
• Rekonstruktion
  *Hoenigswald, Henry M.. 1960. ''Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction''. University of Chicago Press.
  528 bytes (54 words) - 20:04, 25 July 2014
• Hyperanalysis
  *[[Croft, William]]. 2000. ''Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Perspective,'' ch. 5. Form-function reanalysis. Harlow: Lo
  703 bytes (96 words) - 17:05, 29 October 2007
• Hypoanalysis
  *Croft, William. 2000. ''Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Perspective,'' ch. 5. Form-function reanalysis. Harlow: Lo
  727 bytes (100 words) - 17:05, 29 October 2007
• Expressivität
  Croft, William 2000: Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. London: Pearson Education.
  617 bytes (71 words) - 18:11, 25 November 2007
• Mutation
  ...by which a new [[word]] is formed without [[affixation]], but simply by a change of the initial consonant of the base. in the Siberian language Nivkh (or Gilyak) nouns can be derived from verbs simply by changing the in
  1 KB (167 words) - 19:32, 17 February 2009
• Cryptanalysis
  *Croft, William. 2000. ''Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Perspective,'' ch. 5. Form-function reanalysis. Harlow: Lo
  820 bytes (113 words) - 17:05, 29 October 2007
• Crazy rule
  ...(1972), a grammatical (especially phonological) rule that is attested in a language and is learnable, but has no apparent synchronic motivation, is sometimes c ...crazy rules?" In: Stockwell, Robert & Macaulay, Ronald (eds.) ''Linguistic Change and Generative Theory: essays from the UCLA conference on historical lingui
  889 bytes (123 words) - 14:38, 2 July 2007
• Basic Linguistic Theory
  ...Dixon]], refers to the set of descriptive notions that is commonly used in language description. ...al theoretical concepts that underlie all work in language description and change, and the postulation of general properties of human languages."'' (Dixon 19
  1 KB (220 words) - 15:04, 22 January 2009
• Theory
  ...an effect on y has to be taken into account also in terms of its rela-tive change (i.e., dx/x). In our example, it is not the absolute increase in usage of a ...tributions used in linguistics. The parameters are interpreted as specific language forces as known from synergetic linguistics.
  4 KB (702 words) - 10:29, 16 August 2007
• Great Vowel Shift
  ...[[Karl Luick]], the Great Vowel Shift was a push chain. The trigger of the change was the raising of the mid vowels /e:/ and /o:/. On their way upwards they * Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable. 1978. ''A History of the English Language''. 3rd ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  3 KB (513 words) - 11:12, 24 November 2008
• Assimilation (de)
  * Kiparsky, Paul. 2003. The phonological basis of sound change. In Handbook of historical linguistics, ed. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard * McMahon, April M.S. 1994. Understanding language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2 KB (206 words) - 09:15, 31 January 2010
• Borrowing (i.e. copying)
  ...e]]) '''borrows (i.e. copies)''' an element from a language Y (the [[donor language]]) means that it comes to include this element into its own system. ...'''borrowed elements''', which were imported at some time from a different language."'' (Lehmann 1962:212)
  3 KB (454 words) - 17:05, 9 September 2009
• Richard M. Hogg
  ...], and from 1980 until his death in 2007 he was Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature at the [[University of Manchester]]. 1992 The Cambridge History of the English Language, I: the beginnings to 1066 (ed.). Cambridge: C.U.P., xxiii+609
  4 KB (556 words) - 20:32, 17 October 2007
• Subjectification
  ...meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. ''Language'' 65:31-55.
  1 KB (133 words) - 03:19, 7 January 2009
• Fossilisierung
  *[[Croft, William]]. 2000: Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. London: Pearson Education.
  1 KB (142 words) - 18:13, 25 November 2007
• Metanalysis
  *[[Croft, William]]. 2000. ''Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Perspective,'' ch. 5. Form-function reanalysis. Harlow: Lo
  2 KB (232 words) - 17:07, 29 October 2007
• Functional Discourse Grammar
  With regard to the model's architecture, the most important change in comparison with FG is that the underlying representation has now been di ...006. Functional Discourse Grammar. In Keith Brown (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of language and linguistics.'' Second edition, 668-676. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  2 KB (240 words) - 15:52, 2 March 2009
• Paradigmatisierung
  *[[Croft, William]]. 2000: Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. London: Pearson Education.
  2 KB (202 words) - 08:08, 26 November 2007
• Interference
  ...uage contact]], the term '''interference''' refers to the influence of one language (or variety) on another in the speech of [[bilingual]]s who use both langua ...sult of their familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as INTERFERENCE phenomena."'' (Weinreich 1953:
  11 KB (1,477 words) - 06:57, 22 October 2009
• Borrowing (i.e. loan)
  A '''borrowing''' is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact. * Thomason, S.G. and T. Kaufman. 1988. ''Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics''. Berkeley: University of Ca
  2 KB (257 words) - 17:08, 9 September 2009
• Michif
  |Language =Michif The reasons for classifying Michif as a mixed language are given by P. Bakker (1997).
  5 KB (616 words) - 16:50, 4 February 2013
• Klein's (1994) theory of tense
  * [[1-state predicate]]s include states that can change, e.g. "The light was on." * Klein, Wolfgang (1994). ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge.
  1 KB (217 words) - 18:15, 21 October 2009
• Onomastics (survey)
  ...s may have proper names, as may any spiritual beings we believe in. We may change our names at important points in our lives. We may spend ages deciding what This makes names different from expressions in ordinary language. In normal usage, you can't use the phrase 'the old oak-tree' without relyi
  4 KB (784 words) - 20:53, 8 February 2009
• Error analysis
  ...[[second language learners]] and aims at investigating aspects of [[second language acquisition]]. ..., whereas [[error analysis]] compares the learner’s data with the [[target language]] [[norm]] and identifies and explains errors accordingly (cf. James 1998).
  8 KB (1,122 words) - 20:58, 19 September 2009
• Language
  ...to French ''langue'' 'a particular language' and French ''langage'' 'human language, the ability to speak and understand speech'. ...ies was acquired more like Sanskrit, but is now widely used as an everyday language and acquired in early childhood.
  6 KB (1,027 words) - 02:37, 19 March 2016
• Stratificational Grammar
  ...ey Lamb]] in the 1960s that aims to provide an account of the structure of language, the relationship between meaning and speech. *Christie Jr, William M. 1977. ''A Stratificational View of Linguistic Change''. Lake Bluff, IL: Jupiter Press.
  3 KB (375 words) - 02:34, 15 October 2017
• Grammatikalisierungskanal
  ...s with a given function may take when they are grammaticalized in language change."'' Lehmann (1982: 22)
  2 KB (226 words) - 08:27, 4 May 2014
• Quotativ
  G. Deutscher, Syntactic Change in Akkadian. The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. [Kap. 5: The Gram ...A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains. [Typological Studies in Language 52]. Amsterdam 2002.
  3 KB (323 words) - 12:29, 20 March 2008
• Ursprache
  ...us ihr hervorgegangenen Sprachen als ''Tochtersprachen'' (engl. ''daughter language''). engl. [[Proto-language]]
  4 KB (495 words) - 12:27, 28 March 2023
• Code-switching
  ...called the [[matrix language]], while the minor language is the [[embedded language]]. ...s when a bilingual introduces a completely unassimilated word from another language into his speech."'' (Haugen 1956:40)
  10 KB (1,391 words) - 15:32, 31 January 2010
• The middle voice
  Often in a language, the use of middle marker is extended to mark [[anticausative]] situations, ...actions in four subgroups: ''self-induced motion'' (go, walk, fly, ...), ''change in body posture'' (lay down, sit down, stand up, ...), ''non-translational
  10 KB (1,414 words) - 09:32, 30 March 2008
• Aims and methods of quantitative linguistics
  ...difference lies rather in the ontological points of view (do we consider a language as a set of sentences with their structures assigned to them, or do we see ...es. There is, however, an immense number of of properties and processes in language which can be detected and analysed only with quantitative methods on the ba
  9 KB (1,442 words) - 10:11, 14 June 2014
• Multilingualism
  ...to the fact that there are only few countries where more than one official language is spoken. Not even a quarter of the world’s nations recognize two offici ...differences in understanding certain concepts, e.g. ‘mother-tongue’), the change of the questions over time which makes censuses incomparable, the subjectiv
  18 KB (2,684 words) - 16:51, 22 May 2013
• Affixes
  ...s usually have a more restricted phonology, segments used for affixes in a language are only a subpart of the phoneme system. Affixes are usually shorter than Various dependencies can be found between affixes. One affix may change the meaning of another affix:
  8 KB (1,138 words) - 12:47, 25 June 2007
• Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense
  * The resultative perfect (=change of state) ...ney D., Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.'' Cambridge: CUP.
  4 KB (599 words) - 18:20, 27 March 2011
• Tomislav Maretić
  ...avic philology with particular emphasis on Croatian and Serbian history of language and literature”, in 1886, and ordinary professor three years later. Also ..., the occurrence and repetition of specific proper nouns may significantly change the frequency structure; for the same reason, he tried to avoid passages w
  17 KB (2,311 words) - 13:14, 16 August 2007
• Ambiguity, Polysemy and Vagueness
  ...s why a single expression may lead to multiple interpretations. In natural language many words, strings of words and sentences are ambiguous, simply because of ...reek ‘ballizar’ (meaning ‘to dance’) and was first attested in the English language in the 1630s being introduced through Old French. (Online Etymological Dict
  12 KB (1,883 words) - 16:39, 15 June 2014
• Gustav Herdan
  ...f his work is the development and the testing of mathematically formulated language laws (“statistical laws”). His conception of such laws is reflected in ...uage of the Nazis (Herdan 1960a: 263ff). He presents in his works numerous language laws, among others the Zipf and Zipf-Mandelbrot, the Poisson, and the logno
  15 KB (2,047 words) - 23:54, 1 February 2010
• Phonologische und phonetische Universalien
  [[Joseph Greenberg]] begründete mit dem ''Stanford Project on Language Universals'' die moderne Universalienforschung. Dabei sah er die Phonologie == Phonologische Universalien bei Greenberg und im Stanford Project on Language Universals ==
  19 KB (2,675 words) - 13:52, 30 September 2011
• Swedish Phonology
  ...ing. The difference of length, however, is not marked by an orthographical change.<ref name="lindholm"/> There are nine long vowel phonemes in the Swedish language.
  36 KB (4,969 words) - 13:01, 2 March 2018
• James D. McCawley/publications
  *1966a. Review of J. Yamagiwa (ed.), Papers of the CIC Far Eastern Language Institute. Lg. 42.170-75. ...Review of W. Cooper, Set theory and syntactic description. Foundations of Language 2.408-10.
  31 KB (4,322 words) - 06:06, 8 March 2009
• Tenses of English
  ...icant innovation of Modern English in comparison to earlier stages of that language. ...from resultative meaning to perfect meaning comes about due to a semantic change “as a result of which the responsibility for the action leading to the st
  26 KB (4,208 words) - 16:34, 27 July 2014
• Kaj Brynolf Lindgren (de)
  ...n, G.., von Buttlar, H., Rott, W., & Strauß, U. (1983). A law of change in language. In: Brainerd, B. (ed.), Historical linguistics: 104-115. Bochum: Brockmeye
  11 KB (1,564 words) - 20:47, 8 February 2009
• Jerzy Woronczak
  .... The professional who has devoted many years to mastering the traditional language of his discipline can only with difficulty and great humility accept a situ ...ther verification on an extensive corpus (Pawłowski 1994). The dynamics of change in the values of several indices of lexical richness were compared in a cor
  26 KB (3,899 words) - 14:02, 28 November 2007
• Klassische Sprachtypologie
  Coseriu, E.: Adam Smith and the Beginnings of Language Typology. In: Historiographia Linguistica 10 [1983]. S. 1-12. Haggblade, E.: Contributors to the Beginnings of Language Typology. In: Historiographia Linguistica 10 [1983]. S. 13-24.
  22 KB (2,957 words) - 20:16, 31 March 2008
• Tsez
  |Language =Tsez ...age|Georgian]]) is a [[Northeast_Caucasian_languages|Northeast Caucasian]] language with about 7000 speakers spoken by the Tsez, a muslimic people in the moun
  50 KB (8,020 words) - 17:31, 2 March 2018
• Piotrowski-Gesetz
  ...Labov, and Marvin Herzog. ''Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. Directions for historical linguistics'', ed. by W. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel,
  17 KB (2,495 words) - 13:33, 17 May 2011
• Intransitivita' scissa
  * L’argomento che subisce un DIRECTED CHANGE → ''argomento interno''. Cinque G 1990: “Ergative Adjectives and the Lexicalist Hypothesis”, ''Natural Language and Linguistic Theory'', '''8'''.
  47 KB (6,479 words) - 20:24, 4 July 2014