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• Morphological object
  ...on '[[word]]', viz. the conception of word as an entity constructed out of morphological atoms (= [[morphemes]]) by ([[concatenative]]) processes of [[affixation]] [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Morphological+object&lemmacode=568 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
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• Parallel morphology
  ...yntax. The word-like properties of construct state nominals are due to the morphological principle of [[percolation]] that can apply to constructions which are form * Shibatani, K. & T. Kageyana 1988. ''Word Formation in a Modular Theory of Grammar: Postsyntactic Compounds in Japane
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• Back formation
  ...ge has a productive affix with the same phonological form as a part of the word that underwent back formation. * Initial morphological structure: ('''''abcdef''''')_stem; the language also has a produ
  1 KB (179 words) - 15:55, 7 September 2008
• Bound morpheme
  ...subpart of a word, i.e. an element which cannot function as an independent word or free morpheme. ...an [[affix]] but a [[root]] (since [[affix]]es may attach to it, forming a word) also cannot occur freely in syntax and may be called a bound morpheme for
  875 bytes (140 words) - 09:39, 24 March 2008
• Word-form
  ...any orthographies. There is a large literature about the definition of the word-form, which is difficult to summarize here. *[[grammatical word]] (this term is probably more common in English than ''word-form'')
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• Actual word
  ...the speakers and can be retrieved from there, as opposed to a [[potential word]], which could be used, but has to be formed on the fly by speakers (see Ar ...t speakers, while ''mandatoriness'' is only a potential, but not an actual word for most speakers.
  1 KB (140 words) - 00:14, 10 August 2007
• Accidental gap
  ...' is a non-existing word which is expected to exist given the hypothesized morphological rules of a particular language. *Allen, M.R. 1978. Morphological Investigations, PhD diss. Univ. of Connecticut.
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• Lexeme (morphology)
  ...lected forms, which are words themselves, are still variants of one single word. ...f the Russian adjective ''bol'soj'' 'large, big, grand', we find that this word has a variety of forms:
  1,012 bytes (156 words) - 20:20, 16 February 2009
• Overgeneration
  '''Overgeneration''' is a property of ([[word formation rule|word formation]]) rules which entails that they are able to generate entities wh * Halle, M. 1973. ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Word-Formation,'' Linguistic Inquiry 4, pp. 451-464
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• Blocking
  ...e rise to a complex word having the same semantics as the already existing word. *Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar.'' Cambridge, Mass: MIT-press.
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• Non-linear morphology
  ...ation. These levels of representation are called (morphological) tiers or (morphological) planes. McCarthy (1979, 1981) has shown that this framework provides the n * McCarthy, J. and A. Prince 1990. ''Foot and word in prosodic morphology: the Arabic broken plural,'' Natural language and li
  2 KB (211 words) - 19:54, 17 February 2009
• Word
  ...curs between two spaces in the spelling or the linguist's description (= [[word-form]]). Words are [[Morphology|morphological]] objects which may but need not be the output of processes of [[affixation
  2 KB (281 words) - 09:27, 16 July 2022
• Word-based morphology
  ...lar [[prefix]]ation processes, since the base ''ceive'' is not an existing word which belongs to a major lexical category. *[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Word-based+morphology&lemmacode=94 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  999 bytes (135 words) - 18:45, 7 September 2014
• Word formation rule
  ...gically complex [[word]]s are formed out of (free and/or bound) morphemes. Word formation rules are necessary in theories which assume that the [[lexicon]] *[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Word+Formation+Rule&lemmacode=98 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
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• Idiosyncrasy
  ...o a phonological rule), or (c) morphologically (by being an exception to a word formation rule). * Halle, M. 1973. ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Word-Formation,'' Linguistic Inquiry 4, pp. 451-464
  878 bytes (124 words) - 16:14, 15 February 2009
• Permanent lexicon
  ...speaker has been observed to use (in ordinary speech). Hence, [[potential word]]s, which are actually [[accidental gap]]s, are not stored in the permanent * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Theme vowel
  ...which indicates which is the declensional or conjugational class that a [[word]] belongs to. ...ôus+a+y'' (nom.pl.) 'Muse', ''log+o+n'' (acc.sg.), ''log+o+y'' (nom.pl.) 'word'. Another term is 'extension vowel'.
  946 bytes (137 words) - 09:15, 17 August 2014
• Polysynthetic language
  ...ration]]. Hence a polysynthetic language is a language in which a single [[word]] can encode a [[meaning]] which would require a fairly elaborate sentence Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory''. Blackwell: Oxford. <br>
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• Head
  In [[:category:syntax|syntax]], the '''head''' of a [[phrase]] is the [[word]] that determines the major distributional properties of the phrase. The ot .... The head of a word is either the rightmost or the leftmost morpheme of a word. This generalization lies at the heart of the so-called [[Righthand Head Ru
  2 KB (295 words) - 15:55, 15 February 2009
• Derivation (morphology)
  ...s to a part of [[morphology]] that is characterized by relatively concrete morphological meanings, potential semantic irregularity, restrictions in applicability, a '''Derivation''' is a one of the major types of morphological operation by which new words are formed by adding an affix to a [[base]].
  3 KB (369 words) - 18:48, 12 February 2009
• Back-formation
  ...namely the [[base]], did not previously exist. If this new base becomes a word of the language, it is called a back-formation. ...e literature, the existence of back-formation is taken as evidence for a [[word-based morphology]].
  1 KB (195 words) - 14:46, 3 March 2008
• Base (in morphology)
  ...'''base''' is a bigger unit to which an [[affix]] attaches or to which a [[morphological process]] applies. ...' meaning of a word. The term ''stem'' will be reserved for that part of a word to which inflectional affixes are added, and ''base'' for that part to whic
  1 KB (149 words) - 18:26, 20 June 2014
• Lexical integrity
  .... the property that no syntactic process is allowed to refer to parts of a word. * Di Sciullo, A. M. and E. Williams 1987. ''On the Definition of Word,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Polysemy
  '''Polysemy''' is the phenomenon that a [[word]] acquires new usages which, over time, are likely to become more like new The phenomenon that a word has several different meanings which are closely related to each other. The
  948 bytes (136 words) - 18:56, 27 September 2014
• Internalization
  ...rgument]] of the [[base]] becomes the [[internal argument]] of the derived word. Internalization has two stages. First, the addition of a new external argu * Di Sciullo, A. M. and E. Williams 1987. ''On the Definition of Word,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Productivity
  ...as being productive. Productive word formation is opposed to unproductive word formation. * Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Fusional morphology
  ...ogy''' (also called inflectional morphology) is a term which is used for a morphological system in which one morpheme, usually an inflectional affix, expresses seve ...nts '3rd person possessive' and 'plural' are fused together in the English word ''their'', while Turkish uses two morphemes for these components: ''evlerid
  908 bytes (111 words) - 17:25, 18 May 2014
• Bracket Erasure Convention
  ...In Kiparsky's view this inertness extends to morphological processes, and word formation rules therefore do not have access to the internal structure of w *Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
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• Endocentric compound
  * Allen, M.R. 1978. ''Morphological Investigations,'' PhD diss. Univ. of Connecticut. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Binary Branching Constraint
  ...nt on concatenative [[word formation]] which says that in the process of [[word formation]] only two morphemes can be concatenated at the same time. *Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
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• Free morpheme
  The English word ''dog'' is a free morpheme. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Lexical relatedness
  ...n runs as follows. He assigns the structure [hydro [electric+ity]] to this word, and due to the principle of Lexical Relatedness he can relate </nowiki>''h
  1 KB (177 words) - 20:50, 16 February 2009
• Diacritic feature
  * Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass. * Halle, M. 1973. ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Word-Formation,'' Linguistic Inquiry 4, pp. 451-464
  1 KB (151 words) - 20:31, 12 February 2009
• Bracketing paradox
  ...keting paradox''' is a situation in which the morphological structure of a word which one would like to propose for semantic reasons does not correspond to ...ver, this structure raises a problem of interpretation. The meaning of the word ''unhappier'' can be paraphrased as 'more not happy', i.e. with more having
  4 KB (495 words) - 05:59, 29 March 2008
• Host
  In ''That's good'', the host of the clitic '''s'' is the word ''that''. ...so sometimes used as a synonym of [[base]], i.e. as 'host of an affix or a morphological process'.
  499 bytes (73 words) - 16:00, 15 February 2009
• Morphologization
  ...ch previously belonged to a different domain of grammar become part of the morphological system of a language. ...ical processes and syntactic structures [...] become properly an aspect of morphological, rather than phonological or syntactic, organization" (Fox 1995: 102). As p
  2 KB (343 words) - 16:21, 29 October 2007
• Agglutinating language
  '''Agglutinating language''' is a language which has a morphological system in which words as a rule are polymorphemic and where each [[morpheme ...viation]]s from it. This traditional classification of languages into four morphological groups has been criticized for being both incoherent and useless.
  1 KB (191 words) - 15:28, 18 May 2014
• Morphological component
  ...The first approach (e.g. Halle 1973, Halle &amp; Vergnaud 1987) proposes a morphological component which is autonomous from syntax as well as phonology. In the seco [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Morphological+component&lemmacode=567 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  2 KB (339 words) - 19:18, 17 February 2009
• Latinate affix
  * Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Adjacency Condition
  ...d by a morphological rule. Intuitively, the Adjacency Condition prevents a word formation rule from looking into the entire derivational history of morphol *Allen, M.R. 1978. Morphological Investigations, PhD diss. Univ. of Connecticut.
  2 KB (315 words) - 15:17, 22 January 2008
• Lexicon
  ...ains information about (a) the [[pronunciation]], (b) the [[meaning]], (c) morphological properties, and (d) syntactic properties of its entries. Furthermore, the l ...more complex. Next to a list of underived lexical entries, it contains a [[word formation]] component. Hence, in this approach morphology is an integrated
  3 KB (472 words) - 09:02, 26 May 2013
• Mixed category
  ...a '''mixed category''' is a construction which combines the syntactic and morphological ...distinct categories, such as noun and verb, while being headed by a single word.
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• Function composition
  ...head satisfies a [[theta-role]] of the [[head]]. The non-head of a complex word headed by an affix, however, does not satisfy a theta-role of the affix; ra * Di Sciullo, A. M. and E. Williams 1987. ''On the Definition of Word,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• First Sister Principle
  ...t sister position means that the non-head of the verbal compound must be a word which can appear immediately after the verb in a corresponding verb phrase) * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Root
  A '''root''' is a part of a [[word]] with [[lexical meaning]] that cannot be broken down further. ''Root'' is If we take the form ''disagreement'', this word contains the basic free morpheme ''agree'' and the two bound morphemes (or
  2 KB (238 words) - 17:41, 21 February 2009
• Morpholexical rule
  ...The main motivation for this type of rule is that there are cases in which word formation rules need to have access to derived allomorphs before the phonol ...syllabic, the precise shape of the allomorph must be known at the time the morphological rule of reduplication applies.
  1 KB (226 words) - 19:16, 17 February 2009
• Level
  ...rst introduced in Allen (1978) to express the idea that different types of word formation rules and phonological rules take place in linearly ordered block * Allen, M.R. 1978. ''Morphological Investigations,'' PhD diss. Univ. of Connecticut.
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• Parasynthesis
  '''Parasynthesis''' is a [[word formation]] process by means of which a [[discontinuous affix]] or [[circum * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Truncation
  '''Truncation''' is a morphological [[operation]] by which one [[morpheme]] is deleted if it is internal to ano ...ding in -''ee'' lack the verbal suffix -''ate'', and if it is assumed that word formation rules can only take words as their base these forms are problemat
  2 KB (265 words) - 08:03, 30 August 2014
• Readjustment rule
  ...rule proposed by Chomsky &amp; Halle (1968) to modify the output of the [[word formation rule]]s or the output of the syntactic rules before these structu * Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
  939 bytes (130 words) - 08:26, 28 September 2014
• Mutation
  '''Mutation''' is a process by which a new [[word]] is formed without [[affixation]], but simply by a change of the initial c * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  1 KB (167 words) - 19:32, 17 February 2009
• IS A Condition
  * Allen, M.R. 1978. ''Morphological Investigations,'' PhD diss. Univ. of Connecticut. * Williams, E. 1981a. ''On the notions 'Lexically Related' and 'Head of a Word','' Linguistic Inquiry 12, pp. 245-274
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• Portmanteau morph
  One could regard the [[English]] word ''took'' to be a portmanteau representation of the [[verb]] ''take'' and th * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Incorporation
  '''Incorporation''' is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct ob * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Conversion
  *Don, J. 1993. Morphological Conversion. PhD diss. Utrecht University. *Lieber, R. 1981. Morphological Conversion within a Restricted Theory of the Lexicon. In ''The Scope of Lex
  2 KB (245 words) - 17:32, 18 May 2008
• Institutionalized
  ...ized''' if it exists in the language, i.e. if it recognized by speakers as word they have heard before, as opposed to complex words which have been created *[[Bauer, Laurie]]. 2001. ''Morphological productivity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  1 KB (157 words) - 14:57, 20 May 2013
• Subordinator
  A '''subordinator''' is a word or morphological marker which often stands peripherally in a clause and indicates the [[subo
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• Stem
  ...rphological constituent to which [[affix]]es may be attached or to which [[morphological operation]]s may be applied.
  1 KB (198 words) - 13:37, 9 June 2009
• Feature percolation
  ...980) and Williams (1981a) which copies features of one of the members of a morphological construction (usually features of the head) to the node that immediately do * Williams, E. 1981a. ''On the notions 'Lexically Related' and 'Head of a Word','' Linguistic Inquiry 12, pp. 245-274
  1 KB (178 words) - 20:40, 13 February 2009
• Co-analysis
  Co-analysis means that a syntactic and a morphological representation are assigned to one phrase. *Di Sciullo, A. M. & Williams, E. 1987. ''On the Definition of Word.'' Cambridge, Mass: MIT-press.
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• Inflection
  ...ord. We may say that inflected forms are just variants of one and the same word. Some examples of grammatical information that can be encoded by inflectio ...inflection is distinguished from [[derivation]] (the second type of major morphological operation). Although it is not possible to draw a sharp boundary between bo
  3 KB (418 words) - 21:53, 8 February 2021
• Affix substitution
  '''Affix substitution''' is a type of morphological operation by which one [[affix]] takes the structural position of another [ ...in ''-ee'' lack the [[verbal suffix]] ''-ate'', and if it is assumed that word formation rules can only take words as their base these forms are problemat
  1 KB (183 words) - 20:27, 24 January 2008
• Nominalization
  a word formation process by which a noun is formed usually by means of affixation. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  1 KB (205 words) - 19:53, 17 February 2009
• Bahuvrihi compound
  In regular [[compound]]s such as ''bloedneus'' 'bloody nose' the word ''neus'' functions as the [[head]], and ''bloed'' as the modifier which att *Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
  1 KB (195 words) - 12:26, 20 March 2008
• Lexical morphology
  ...gy (also known as Lexical Phonology), all theories have in common that the word formation rules and the phonological rules both apply in a single component ...(slightly) different assumptions about the nature of phonological rules or morphological processes or the interaction between the two (e.g. Pulleyblank (1986), Moha
  4 KB (545 words) - 20:21, 16 February 2009
• Text-to-Speech
  ...lysis of sentences, and morphological decomposition (in order to split the word up in morphemes and to predict lexical stress). Then there is the phonetic
  1,013 bytes (133 words) - 08:04, 17 August 2014
• Semantic coherence
  * Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Level Ordering Hypothesis
  Word Stress Rules ...n]] takes place in two linearly ordered blocks, which are separated by the word stress rules.
  2 KB (220 words) - 16:12, 8 July 2009
• Class I/II affix
  ...affixes can be distinguished in terms of their different phonological and morphological properties. ...and Class II affixes is equivalent to that between formative-boundary and word-boundary affixes (Chomsky & Halle, 1968), Level I and Level II affixes (Pes
  1 KB (200 words) - 13:47, 23 April 2008
• Deponency
  ...tly been used for a mismatch between the expected and actual function of a morphological form or paradigm. ...k masculine agreement and vice versa. In Serbo-Croatian, the plural of the word ‘child’ (and some other words designating the young of animals) has the
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• Morphemic Tier Hypothesis
  ...arthy (1981) which entails the claim that every [[morpheme]] making up a [[word]] is assigned a separate tier, i.e., a separate and autonomous level of rep the [[Arabic]] word ''katab'' is made out of the triliteral [[root]] ''ktb'' 'write', the [[per
  2 KB (230 words) - 16:12, 8 July 2009
• First Order Projection Condition
  it, whether in word structure or in syntactic structure). * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  2 KB (281 words) - 20:57, 13 February 2009
• Feature percolation conventions
  * Di Sciullo, A. M. and E. Williams 1987. ''On the Definition of Word,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Allomorphy
  ...rent realizations, i.e. alternative forms depending on the phonological or morphological context in which it appears. In another type of allomorphy, the realization *Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar.'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass.
  1 KB (154 words) - 17:10, 15 June 2014
• Lexikonregel
  *Aronoff, M. 1976. ''Word Formation in Generative Grammar.'' Cambridge. *Jackendoff, R. S. 1975. Morphological and Semantic Regularities in the Lexicon. ''Langage'' 51, 639–671.
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• Quantifier Raising
  Pesetsky (1985) extends the use of QR to morphological structures, and argues that QR can be used to solve the problem of the so-c * Hoeksema, J. 1987. ''Relating Word Structure and Logical Form,'' [[Linguistic Inquiry]] 18, pp. 119-126
  2 KB (348 words) - 08:01, 28 September 2014
• Exocentric compound
  ...ahuvrihi compound]]. A different type of exocentric compound is the Danish word ''klodsmajor'' (LIT. 'klutz-major') which does not refer to a major who is * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  1 KB (190 words) - 22:34, 18 December 2013
• Portal:Psycholinguistics
  Visual Word Recognition: ...]], [[Wickelcoding model]], [[MROM model]], [[open bigrams]], [[The Visual Word Form Area]], [[assembled route]], [[bigram frequency]], [[construction-inte
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• Nonconcatenative morphology
  ...for non-[[agglutinative]] root-and-pattern morphologies. In such systems, word formation processes generally do not take the form of linear [[affixation]] * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Theory
  ...i.e., dx/x). In our example, it is not the absolute increase in usage of a word that causes its shortening but the relative one. The discrete approach is a ...ength, diversification laws, TTR, synonymy, polysemy, polytextuality laws, morphological productivity, vocabulary growth, Krylov´s law, the law of change, etc.). T
  4 KB (702 words) - 10:29, 16 August 2007
• Ablaut
  '''Ablaut''' is a process by which an inflected form of a word is formed by changing the vowel of the [[base]]. In the narrower sense, * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Clitic
  ...ypical clitic will attach itself to a host, that is, a (fully inflected) [[word]] or [[phrase]]. The observation that they can attach to inflected words di *Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
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• Argument structure
  * Di Sciullo, A. M. and E. Williams 1987. ''On the Definition of Word,'' MIT-press, Cambridge, Mass. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Reduplication
  Reduplication is a [[word formation]] process by which some part of a base (= a [[segment]], [[syllab * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Gender (grammar)
  ...used to express to fact that nouns and determiners can belong to different morphological classes ([[Phi-features]]). In many languages nouns fall into three groups: The term 'gerder' itself derives from an extremely general word meaning 'class' or 'kind'.
  2 KB (295 words) - 16:55, 21 August 2014
• Scrambling (de)
  ...n sind und unter welchen Bedingungen Scrambling nicht möglich ist, d. h. [[Word Order Freezing]] einritt; zunehmend wird hierbei die Diskussion auf der Bas *J. Costa, Word Order Variation: A Constrained Approach. Den Haag 1998.
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• Bohumil Trnka
  IV. Frequency dictionaries and frequency word counts for the purpose of learning modern languages. V. Morphological, syntactic, metrical and semantic studies based on counts.
  6 KB (840 words) - 12:43, 28 November 2007
• Ambiguity, Polysemy and Vagueness
  Lexical ambiguity is concerned with multiple interpretations of lexemes. A word is ambiguous if it involves two lexical items that have identical forms, bu ...orm: ''ball'' in the sense of the round object originates in the Old Norse word ‘ballr’, whereas ''ball'' as the formal event comes from Greek ‘balli
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• Distribuierte Morphologie
  *D. Embick & M. Halle, Word Formation: Aspects of the Latin Conjugation in Distributed Morphology. Berl *A. Marantz, No Escape from Syntax: Don’t try Morphological Analysis in the Privacy of your Own Lexicon. In: A. Dimitriadis et al. (Hg.
  6 KB (741 words) - 17:41, 29 January 2009
• Tenses of English
  ...ation “untenable and synchronically inadequate”, as ''will'' has lost both morphological substance (it may be reduced to '''ll'') and semantic substance (since it n ...nses such as the last three are only apparently compositional, i.e. from a morphological point of view, while being largely non-compositional semantically (“the c
  26 KB (4,208 words) - 16:34, 27 July 2014
• Produttività
  *'''Anshen, F. e Aronoff, M.''' 1981. “Morphological productivity and phonological transparency”, ''Canadian Journal of Lingui *'''Baayen, R. H.''' 1992. “Quantitative aspects of morphological productivity”, ''Yearbook of Morphology 1991'', G. Booij e J. van Marle (
  36 KB (5,037 words) - 19:59, 20 July 2014
• James D. McCawley/publications
  *1964. Review of Robert T. Harms, Estonian Grammar. Word 19.114-26. *1976c. Morphological indeterminacy in underlying syntactic structure. F. Ingemann (ed.), Proceed
  31 KB (4,322 words) - 06:06, 8 March 2009
• Tsez
  The name derives from the Tsez word for ''[[eagle]]''. ...not phonemic but occurs automatically before non-pharyngealized vowels in word-initial position.
  50 KB (8,020 words) - 17:31, 2 March 2018
• Kaili (en)
  Kaili has word-level stress on the penultimate syllable, secondary stress alternates from Kaili has a Latin alphabet without <q> and <x> (which only occur in [[loan word]]s) and without [[diacritics]]. The orthography follows the reformed (1975)
  28 KB (3,744 words) - 12:54, 2 March 2018