Difference between revisions of "Clause structure in Skolt Saami"
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===Predominant Word Order=== | ===Predominant Word Order=== | ||
− | The predominant word order in Skolt Saami is not clear-cut. According to Miestamo (2011), the word order is SVO <ref>Miestamo, 2011.</ref>. Moshnikoff (2009) is cited as the source for this claim in „Skolt saami: a typological profile“ | + | The predominant word order in Skolt Saami is not clear-cut. According to Miestamo (2011), the word order is SVO <ref>Miestamo, 2011.</ref>. Moshnikoff (2009) is cited as the source for this claim in „Skolt saami: a typological profile“ <ref>Moshnikoff, 2009.</ref>. There are many example sentences in Moshnikoff's school grammar (2009) where the verb comes in the second position. |
However, if only pragmatically neutral texts are analysed and subordinate, interrogative and negative sentences are not taken into consideration, Feist believes that an SOV order is predominantly used. | However, if only pragmatically neutral texts are analysed and subordinate, interrogative and negative sentences are not taken into consideration, Feist believes that an SOV order is predominantly used. | ||
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===Subordinate Claues=== | ===Subordinate Claues=== | ||
− | + | This is also the case for subordinate clauses, both finite and infinite. | |
− | + | Here is an example for an infinite subordinate clause: | |
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− | + | According to Feist the examples above support the claim that the predominant word order is SOV. He does achknowledge, however, that other word orders do appear in Skolt Saami. | |
− | In | + | In this example the verb is right at the begiinning of the sentence as well as at the end. |
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===Topicalisation=== | ===Topicalisation=== | ||
− | + | There are also sentences, where the object comes in first place. This is known as topicalisation and is used to emphasise the object. | |
Revision as of 22:32, 24 February 2013
This article gives an overview of the Syntax of simple and complex clauses in the Skolt Saami language.
Contents
Constituent Order
Predominant Word Order
The predominant word order in Skolt Saami is not clear-cut. According to Miestamo (2011), the word order is SVO [1]. Moshnikoff (2009) is cited as the source for this claim in „Skolt saami: a typological profile“ [2]. There are many example sentences in Moshnikoff's school grammar (2009) where the verb comes in the second position. However, if only pragmatically neutral texts are analysed and subordinate, interrogative and negative sentences are not taken into consideration, Feist believes that an SOV order is predominantly used.
Feist cites two sentences which show this order; here is one of them:
neezzan | suâjjkååutid | kuårru | |
---|---|---|---|
woman.PL.NOM | protection.SG.NOM+skirt.PL.ACC | sew.PST.3PL | |
S | O | V |
the women sewed protective skirts
Even considering sentences without subjects or objects, the verb mainly comes at the end.
Example without a subject:
nueʹtteeʹl | võõrâs | kueʹl | kšiʹlle |
---|---|---|---|
fish.with.seine.net.INSTR | fresh | fish.SG.ACC | catch.PST.4 |
O | V |
by fishing with seine net one caught fresh fish
Example without an object:
jääuʹr | kâʹlmme |
---|---|
lake.PL.NOM | freeze.PRS.3PL |
S | V |
the lakes freeze
Subordinate Claues
This is also the case for subordinate clauses, both finite and infinite.
Here is an example for an infinite subordinate clause:
pâi | õõlǥi | kueʹl | poorrâd ] |
---|---|---|---|
just | have.to.PST.3SG | fish.SG.ACC | eat.INF |
V FINITE | O | V NON-FINITE] |
one just had to eat fish
According to Feist the examples above support the claim that the predominant word order is SOV. He does achknowledge, however, that other word orders do appear in Skolt Saami.
In this example the verb is right at the begiinning of the sentence as well as at the end.
Kaaupše | kueʹlid | di | tieʹǧǧid | puk | juõʹǩǩe | peällõõžži |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sell.PST.3PL | fish.PL.ACC | and then | money.PL.ACC | all | divide.PST.3PL | in.half |
[[[V]] | O 1 | O | V NON-FINITE | V | 2 |
they sold the fish and then divided all the money in half
Topicalisation
There are also sentences, where the object comes in first place. This is known as topicalisation and is used to emphasise the object.
Lääʹddǩiõl | [[mon] | jiõm | fiʹtte | ni mõõn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Finnish.SG.ACC | 1SG.NOM | NEG 1SG. | understand | nothing.SG.ACC |
O | S | V AUX:NEG | V CONNEGATIVE |
Finnish, I don't understand at all
Auxiliary Verbs and the V2 principle
Die meisten der obengenannten Verben, die am Ende vorkommen, sind Hauptverben. Laut den Beispielen, die vorliegen, scheint es als ob Hilfsverben, anders als Hauptverben, nicht am Ende vorkommen.
kuuskõõzz | [[leʹjje] | ääld | poorrâm |
---|---|---|---|
aurora.borealis.PL.NOM | be.PST.3PL | female.reindeer.SG.ACC | eat.PST.PTCP |
S | V AUX | O | V LEX |
the northern lights had eaten the female reindeer
Dies erinnert an das V2 Prinzip, bei dem das Verb an der zweiten Stelle steht; dieses Prinzip ist bei germanischen Sprachen geläufig. Wenn es zwei Verben gibt, belegt das Hilfsverb die zweite Stelle und das Hauptverb die Endposition. Obwohl es Ähnlichkeiten im Skoltsaamischen gibt, kommen die meisten Hauptverben am Ende vor, und in Nebensätzen belegen Hilfsverben die dritte Stelle.
sij | vueʹlǧǧe | ǩiččâd | tõn | pueʹrr | jânnam | koʹst | siʹjjid | eeunaž | leäi | mainstam |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3PL.NOM | leave.PRS.3PL | see.INF | DIST.SG.ACC | good | land.SG.ACC | REL.LOC | 3PL.ILL | spider | be.PST.3SG | tell.PST.PTCP |
OBL | S | V AUX | V LEX |
they left to see that good land, which Spider had told them about
Conclusion
Die Wortfolge des Skoltsaamischen ist nicht eindeutig, da die grammatikalische Funktion durch den Kasus ermittelt wird. Daher ist die Wortfolge eher unwichtig.
Laut Sammallahti (1998) ist die skoltsaamische Sprache: „Largly free from formal restrictions and guided by pragmatic principles“.
Feist behauptet, dass die vorherrschende Wortfolge SOV ist, während Sammallahti und Miestamo SVO als gegeben voraussetzen. Feist (2010) und Wilbur (2012) erwähnen die eventuelle Beeinflussung durch skandinavischen Sprachen als Metasprachen bei Recherchen , da sie SVO sind. Deshalb ist es möglich, dass skandinavische Sprachen einen Einfluss auf die Wortfolge im Skoltsaamischen haben.
Skoltsaamisch weist manche Aspekte des V2 Prinzips auf, aber nicht so viele wie die meisten germanischen Sprachen.
Bibliography
Feist, T. 2010. A Grammar of Skolt Saami. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester.
Miestamo, M. 2011. Skolt Saami: a typological profile. In: Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 93. 111–145.
Moshnikoff, S., Moshnikoff, J. & Koponen, E. 2009. Koltansaamen koulukielioppi. Sää´mkv iõl kiõllvuä´ppes vskoou´li vääras. Inari/Aanar: Saamelaiskäräjät/Sää´mte´ǧǧ.
Sammallahti, P. 1998. The Saami languages. Kárášjohka: Davvi Girji.
Wilbur, J. 2012. A Grammar of Pite Saami. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript.
Quotes
See also
Other languages
- Deutsch Satzstruktur im Skoltsaamischen