Borrowing (i.e. loan): Difference between revisions
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A '''borrowing''' is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact. | A '''borrowing''' is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact. | ||
===Subtypes=== | |||
* [[core borrowing]] | |||
* [[cultural borrowing]] | |||
* [[internal borrowing]] | * [[internal borrowing]] | ||
* [[nonce borrowing]] | |||
* [[reborrowing]] | * [[reborrowing]] | ||
('core borrowing' and 'cultural borrowing' are known especially from Myers-Scotton's work.) | |||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
===English borrowings from the 18th century=== | ===English borrowings from the 18th century=== | ||
(cf. Görlach 2001) | |||
* from German: ''cobalt'', ''quartz'', ''spath'', ''feldspar'', ''sinter'', ''gneiss'', ''hornblende'', ''nickel'', ''meerschaum'' (from the lexical field of mineralogy); ''landau'', ''pumpernickel'', ''seltzer'', ''waltz''; | * from German: ''cobalt'', ''quartz'', ''spath'', ''feldspar'', ''sinter'', ''gneiss'', ''hornblende'', ''nickel'', ''meerschaum'' (from the lexical field of mineralogy); ''landau'', ''pumpernickel'', ''seltzer'', ''waltz''; | ||
* from Low German/Dutch: ''schooner'', ''pea-jacket'', ''caboose'' (all nautical); from Cape Dutch: ''steenbok'', ''springbok'', ''klipspringer'', ''hartebeest''; | * from Low German/Dutch: ''schooner'', ''pea-jacket'', ''caboose'' (all nautical); from Cape Dutch: ''steenbok'', ''springbok'', ''klipspringer'', ''hartebeest''; | ||
* from Italian: ''cantata'', ''duetto'', ''finale'', ''soprano'', ''viola'', ''violoncello'', ''adagio'', ''crescendo'' (and dozens of other musical terms); ''colonnade'', ''arcade'', ''loggia'', ''alfresco'', ''picturesque'', ''terra-cotta'', ''torso'' (from architecture and art); ''influenza'', ''malaria'', ''extravaganza'', ''lotto''. | * from Italian: ''cantata'', ''duetto'', ''finale'', ''soprano'', ''viola'', ''violoncello'', ''adagio'', ''crescendo'' (and dozens of other musical terms); ''colonnade'', ''arcade'', ''loggia'', ''alfresco'', ''picturesque'', ''terra-cotta'', ''torso'' (from architecture and art); ''influenza'', ''malaria'', ''extravaganza'', ''lotto''. | ||
* from Spanish: ''albino'', ''domino'', ''fandango'', ''flotilla'', ''jade'', ''merino'', ''stevedore'' | * from Spanish: ''albino'', ''domino'', ''fandango'', ''flotilla'', ''jade'', ''merino'', ''stevedore'' | ||
==Literature== | |||
* Glahn, Richard. 2002. ''Der Einfluss des Englischen auf gesprochene deutsche Gegenwartssprache''. (= Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft 4, ed. by Rudolf Hoberg). Frankfurt am Main: Lang. | |||
* Görlach, Manfred. 2001. ''Eighteenth-Century English''. Heidelberg: Winter. | |||
* Görlach, Manfred. 2002. ''Einführung in die englische Sprachgeschichte''. Heidelberg: Winter. | |||
* Grzega, Joachim. 2003. 'Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology', ''Onomasiology Online'' 4: 22-42. | |||
* Riehl, Claudia Maria. 2004. ''Sprachkontaktforschung. Eine Einführung''. Tübingen: Narr. | |||
* Thomason, S.G. and T. Kaufman. 1988. ''Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics''. Berkeley: University of California Press. | |||
* Thomason, S.G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. | |||
* Winford, D. 2003. ''An Introduction to Contact Linguistics''. London: Blackwell. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[borrowing]] (disambiguation page) | |||
* [[borrowing (i.e. copying)]] | |||
* [[borrowing (i.e. adoption)]] | |||
* [[loan]] | * [[loan]] | ||
{{ | ==Other languages== | ||
* Chinese [[外来词]] | |||
* German [[Entlehnung (d.h. Lehnwort)]] | |||
{{dc}} | |||
[[Category:Contact-induced change]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:08, 9 September 2009
Definition
A borrowing is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact.
Subtypes
('core borrowing' and 'cultural borrowing' are known especially from Myers-Scotton's work.)
Examples
English borrowings from the 18th century
(cf. Görlach 2001)
- from German: cobalt, quartz, spath, feldspar, sinter, gneiss, hornblende, nickel, meerschaum (from the lexical field of mineralogy); landau, pumpernickel, seltzer, waltz;
- from Low German/Dutch: schooner, pea-jacket, caboose (all nautical); from Cape Dutch: steenbok, springbok, klipspringer, hartebeest;
- from Italian: cantata, duetto, finale, soprano, viola, violoncello, adagio, crescendo (and dozens of other musical terms); colonnade, arcade, loggia, alfresco, picturesque, terra-cotta, torso (from architecture and art); influenza, malaria, extravaganza, lotto.
- from Spanish: albino, domino, fandango, flotilla, jade, merino, stevedore
Literature
- Glahn, Richard. 2002. Der Einfluss des Englischen auf gesprochene deutsche Gegenwartssprache. (= Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft 4, ed. by Rudolf Hoberg). Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
- Görlach, Manfred. 2001. Eighteenth-Century English. Heidelberg: Winter.
- Görlach, Manfred. 2002. Einführung in die englische Sprachgeschichte. Heidelberg: Winter.
- Grzega, Joachim. 2003. 'Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology', Onomasiology Online 4: 22-42.
- Riehl, Claudia Maria. 2004. Sprachkontaktforschung. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.
- Thomason, S.G. and T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Thomason, S.G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Winford, D. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. London: Blackwell.
See also
- borrowing (disambiguation page)
- borrowing (i.e. copying)
- borrowing (i.e. adoption)
- loan
Other languages
- Chinese 外来词
- German Entlehnung (d.h. Lehnwort)