Situation - Revision history

Volker gast at 19:38, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T19:38:29Z

@@ Line 179: / Line 179: @@
 |}
-Process verbs: change, grow, mature, die, widen, slow down, improve, thicken, diminish, darken etc.
+* Process verbs: ''change'', ''grow'', ''mature'', ''die'', ''widen'', ''slow down'', ''improve'', ''thicken'', ''diminish'', ''darken'' etc.
-Action verbs: walk, read, think, look at, write, abandon, ask, play etc.
+* Action verbs: ''walk'', ''read'', ''think'', ''look at'', ''write'', ''abandon'', ''ask'', ''play'' etc.
-Event verbs: explode, burst, tale place, rain, occur, happen, break down, snow, befall etc.
+* Event verbs: ''explode'', ''burst'', ''take place'', ''rain'', ''occur'', ''happen'', ''break down'', ''snow'', ''befall'' etc.
 ==References==

Volker gast: /* Types of situation */

2009-10-21T19:26:49Z

Types of situation

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	\|}		\|}

			Huddleston & Pullum call static situations ‘states’ and dynamic situations ‘occurrences’. ‘Achievements’ are also dynamic situations, but they are also regarded as punctual and telic. ‘Processes’ are durative situations and can be subdivided into ‘activities’, which are atelic, and ‘accomplishments’, which are telic situations.

			===Declerck (2006)===
			Declerck has a fourfold distinction and classifies situations into ‘states’, ‘actions’, ‘processes’, and ‘events’.

			{\| border="1"
			\|-
			! !!static !!durative !!telic !!agentive !!homogeneous !!transitional !!evolving
			\|-
			\|state \|\|+ \|\|+ \|\|- \|\|- \|\|+ \|\|- \|\|-
			\|-
			\|action \|\|- \|\|+/- \|\|+/- \|\|+ \|\|+/- \|\|+/- \|\|-
			\|-
			\|process \|\|- \|\|+ \|\|+/- \|\|- \|\|+/- \|\|- \|\|+
			\|-
			\|event \|\|- \|\|+/- \|\|+/- \|\|- \|\|+/- \|\|+/- \|\|-
			\|}

			Process verbs: change, grow, mature, die, widen, slow down, improve, thicken, diminish, darken etc.
			Action verbs: walk, read, think, look at, write, abandon, ask, play etc.
			Event verbs: explode, burst, tale place, rain, occur, happen, break down, snow, befall etc.

	==References==		==References==

Volker gast at 19:23, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T19:23:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 21 October 2009
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	In describing languages, a fundamental constrast is between situations and [[participant]]s. Participants are generally expressed by [[noun phrase]]s, and situations are expressed by [[clause]]s. Often the term ''situation'' is also used to refer to just the verb's meaning (which can more precisely be called [[situation core]]).		In describing languages, a fundamental constrast is between situations and [[participant]]s. Participants are generally expressed by [[noun phrase]]s, and situations are expressed by [[clause]]s. Often the term ''situation'' is also used to refer to just the verb's meaning (which can more precisely be called [[situation core]]).

	==Comments ==		==Comments==

	The term ''situation'' for this fundamental concept has been used prominently e.g. by Comrie (1976), Lyons (1977), and Lehmann (1991).		The term ''situation'' for this fundamental concept has been used prominently e.g. by Comrie (1976), Lyons (1977), and Lehmann (1991).
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	It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").		It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").

			==Synonyms==

			* [[state of affairs]] (e.g. Dik 1978, 1997; Van Valin & LaPolla 1997)
			* [[process]] (e.g. Halliday 1985)
			* [[event]] (e.g. Bohnemeyer 2002)
			* [[eventuality]]

			==Polysemy==

			The term situation is also used for
			* a specific concept in the formal semantic framework of [[situation semantics]] -- see [[situation (in situation semantics)]].

			==Origin==

			Perhaps ''situation'' has first been used in this more technical semantic sense in Comrie (1976). According to Comrie (p.c. to Martin Haspelmath, May 2006), the usage in Comrie (1976) follows a suggestion of John Lyons's.


	==Properties of situations==		==Properties of situations==
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	** John drew a circle.		** John drew a circle.

	==~~Polysemy~~==		==Types of situation==
			The types of situations distinguished differ from author to author.
	The ~~term situation is also used for~~
	* a specific concept in the formal semantic framework of ~~[[situation semantics]] -- see [[situation (in situation semantics)]]~~.

	==~~Synonyms~~==		===Huddleston & Pullum (2002)===
			Huddleston & Pullum (2002) distinguish six different situation types: states, occurrences, processes, achievements, activities and accomplishments. They group them by only three ontological features: (1) (non)staticness (2) (non)durativity (3) (non)telicity?

	* [[state ~~of affairs]] (e.g. Dik 1978, 1997; Van Valin & LaPolla 1997)~~		{\| border="1"
	* [[process~~]] (e.g. Halliday 1985)~~		\|-
	* [[event]] (e.g. Bohnemeyer 2002)		! !! static!! durative!! telic
	* [[eventuality]]		\|-
			\|state \|\|+ \|\|+ \|\|-
			\|-
			\|occurrence \|\|- \|\|+/- \|\|+/-
			\|-
			\|process \|\|- \|\|+ \|\|+/-
			\|-
			\|achievement \|\|- \|\|- \|\|+
			\|-
			\|activity \|\|- \|\|+ \|\|-
			\|-
			\|accomplishment \|\|- \|\|+ \|\|+
			\|}

	~~==Origin==~~

	Perhaps ''situation'' has first been used in this more technical semantic sense in Comrie (1976). According to Comrie (p.c. to Martin Haspelmath, May 2006), the usage in Comrie (1976) follows a suggestion of John Lyons's.

	==References==		==References==

Volker gast: /* Subtypes */

2009-10-21T19:18:51Z

Subtypes

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	It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").		It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").

	==~~Subtypes~~==		==Properties of situations==

	Situations can be classified in terms of ontological properties like '(non)staticness', '(non)durativity', '(non)telicity', '(non)agentiveness', '(non)homogeneousness', '(non)transitionalness' and '(non)evolvingness' (Declerck 2006: 40).		Situations can be classified in terms of ontological properties like '(non)staticness', '(non)durativity', '(non)telicity', '(non)agentiveness', '(non)homogeneousness', '(non)transitionalness' and '(non)evolvingness' (Declerck 2006: 40).
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	** The situation deteriorated.		** The situation deteriorated.
	* - evolving		* - evolving
	** John drew a circle.		** John drew a circle.


	==Polysemy==		==Polysemy==

Volker gast at 19:17, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T19:17:34Z

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			__TOC__

	In semantics, '''situation''' is used as a cover term for [[action]]s, [[process]]es and [[state]]s. The concept 'situation' is so basic that it is very difficult to define it through still more basic concepts.		In semantics, '''situation''' is used as a cover term for [[action]]s, [[process]]es and [[state]]s. The concept 'situation' is so basic that it is very difficult to define it through still more basic concepts.

Volker gast at 19:17, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T19:17:13Z

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ** He stopped snoring.
 ** I was knocking at the door.
 ==Polysemy==

Volker gast: /* Singulary vs. multiple situations */

2009-10-21T18:54:13Z

Singulary vs. multiple situations

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	# iterative multiple situations, i.e. there is a multiplicity of subsituations,		# iterative multiple situations, i.e. there is a multiplicity of subsituations,
	# repeated multiple situations, which areusually indicated with an adjunct expressing how often the situation has occurred, and		# repeated multiple situations, which areusually indicated with an adjunct expressing how often the situation has occurred, and
	# serial multiple situations, where the occurrence of the sub-situation is unbounded. In the case of iterative multiple situations, the subsituations are [[achievement]]s, but the overall situation is an [[activity]]. Serial multiple situations can be [[state]]s, [[achievement]]s, [[accomplishment]]s or [[activities~~\|activity~~]].		# serial multiple situations, where the occurrence of the sub-situation is unbounded. In the case of iterative multiple situations, the subsituations are [[achievement]]s, but the overall situation is an [[activity]]. Serial multiple situations can be [[state]]s, [[achievement]]s, [[accomplishment]]s or [[activity\|activities]].

	Examples:		Examples:
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	* serial		* serial
	** She usually mows the lawn herself. She usually gets up at six.		** She usually mows the lawn herself. She usually gets up at six.


	===Static versus dynamic situations===		===Static versus dynamic situations===

Volker gast at 18:53, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T18:53:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 21 October 2009
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	Situations can be classified in terms of ontological properties like '(non)staticness', '(non)durativity', '(non)telicity', '(non)agentiveness', '(non)homogeneousness', '(non)transitionalness' and '(non)evolvingness' (Declerck 2006: 40).		Situations can be classified in terms of ontological properties like '(non)staticness', '(non)durativity', '(non)telicity', '(non)agentiveness', '(non)homogeneousness', '(non)transitionalness' and '(non)evolvingness' (Declerck 2006: 40).

			===Singulary vs. multiple situations===
			Situations can be classified in terms of their number of occurrence. A singulary situation consists of only one instance of the situation, while a multiple situation comprises more than one instance of the same sub-situation. There are three ways in which a situation can be multiple:
			# iterative multiple situations, i.e. there is a multiplicity of subsituations,
			# repeated multiple situations, which areusually indicated with an adjunct expressing how often the situation has occurred, and
			# serial multiple situations, where the occurrence of the sub-situation is unbounded. In the case of iterative multiple situations, the subsituations are [[achievement]]s, but the overall situation is an [[activity]]. Serial multiple situations can be [[state]]s, [[achievement]]s, [[accomplishment]]s or [[activities\|activity]].

			Examples:
			* singulary
			** I was born on Good Friday.
			** The President has resigned.
			* iterative
			** She knocked at the door (more than once).
			* repeated
			** She saw him twice.
			** I met him several times.
			* serial
			** She usually mows the lawn herself. She usually gets up at six.


	===Static versus dynamic situations===		===Static versus dynamic situations===

Volker gast: material has been inserted from a term paper by Carolin Jahn

2009-10-21T18:49:56Z

material has been inserted from a term paper by Carolin Jahn

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 21 October 2009
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	In describing languages, a fundamental constrast is between situations and [[participant]]s. Participants are generally expressed by [[noun phrase]]s, and situations are expressed by [[clause]]s. Often the term ''situation'' is also used to refer to just the verb's meaning (which can more precisely be called [[situation core]]).		In describing languages, a fundamental constrast is between situations and [[participant]]s. Participants are generally expressed by [[noun phrase]]s, and situations are expressed by [[clause]]s. Often the term ''situation'' is also used to refer to just the verb's meaning (which can more precisely be called [[situation core]]).

	=== Comments ===		==Comments ==

	The term ''situation'' for this fundamental concept has been used prominently e.g. by Comrie (1976), Lyons (1977), and Lehmann (1991).		The term ''situation'' for this fundamental concept has been used prominently e.g. by Comrie (1976), Lyons (1977), and Lehmann (1991).
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	It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").		It has the disadvantage of suggesting a stative situation, but this disadvantage is shared by the competitor ''state of affairs'', and the other competitor event has the disadvantage of even more strongly suggesting a dynamic situation (as in "event vs. state").

	=== Subtypes ===		==Subtypes==

	~~The most important subdivision is into [[stative]]~~ and ~~[[dynamic]] situations~~.		Situations can be classified in terms of ontological properties like '(non)staticness', '(non)durativity', '(non)telicity', '(non)agentiveness', '(non)homogeneousness', '(non)transitionalness' and '(non)evolvingness' (Declerck 2006: 40).

	=== Polysemy ===		===Static versus dynamic situations===

			Situations can be [[static]] (or '[[stative]]') or [[dynamic]]. Static situations exist or obtain and do not involve change, whereas dynamic situations by definition involve change. The difference between static and dynamic situations is reflected in linguistic difference between the relevant predicates (cf. Huddleston & Pullum 2002: 119ff).
			* The progressive aspect does not (normally) occur with static situations in English.
			* The simple present typically combines with static situations when it is used with present time reference, and only rarely with dynamic ones.
			* Pseudo-clefts with ''do'' only occur with dynamic situations.
			* Certain verbs can only be used to refer to a static situation: ''seem'', ''contain'', ''know'', ''consist of''

			Examples:
			* static
			** The flag is red.
			** The flag was red.
			** He likes her.
			** They believe in God.
			** I know the answer.
			* dynamic
			** He is playing tennis. She married Tom. What she did next was learn German.

			===Punctual versus durative situations===
			Punctual (=instantaneous) situations are happenings at a given point in time, while durative situations have a certain duration. Punctual situation predicates do not (normally) occur with aspectual verbs like ''begin'' and punctual situations do not (normally) go together with the progressive aspect. It is important to mention that duration can also be instantiated by the repetition of a (punctual) situation.

			Examples:
			* punctual
			** I declare the meeting closed.
			** I found the key.
			** He had died.
			** She reached the top.
			* durative
			** He began to work.
			** He stopped snoring.
			** I was knocking at the door.

			==Polysemy==

	The term situation is also used for		The term situation is also used for
	* a specific concept in the formal semantic framework of [[situation semantics]] -- see [[situation (in situation semantics)]].		* a specific concept in the formal semantic framework of [[situation semantics]] -- see [[situation (in situation semantics)]].

	=== Synonyms ===		==Synonyms==

	* [[state of affairs]] (e.g. Dik 1978, 1997; Van Valin & LaPolla 1997)		* [[state of affairs]] (e.g. Dik 1978, 1997; Van Valin & LaPolla 1997)
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	* [[eventuality]]		* [[eventuality]]

	=== Origin ===		==Origin==

	Perhaps ''situation'' has first been used in this more technical semantic sense in Comrie (1976). According to Comrie (p.c. to Martin Haspelmath, May 2006), the usage in Comrie (1976) follows a suggestion of John Lyons's.		Perhaps ''situation'' has first been used in this more technical semantic sense in Comrie (1976). According to Comrie (p.c. to Martin Haspelmath, May 2006), the usage in Comrie (1976) follows a suggestion of John Lyons's.

	=== References ===		==References==

			* Declerck, R. (2006). ''The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase, Vol. 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System.'' Topics in English Linguistics 60. Berlin: Mouton. In collaboration with Susan Reed and Bert Capelle.
	*Bohnemeyer 2002		*Bohnemeyer 2002
	*Comrie 1976		*Comrie 1976
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	*Van Valin & LaPolla 1997		*Van Valin & LaPolla 1997

	===other languages===		==other languages==
	German [[Situation (de)\|Situation]]		German [[Situation (de)\|Situation]]

	{{dc}}		{{dc}}
	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]
			[[Category:Aspect]]

Linguipedia: cate

2007-09-19T14:37:48Z

cate

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 19 September 2007
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	German [[Situation (de)\|Situation]]		German [[Situation (de)\|Situation]]

	{{En}}		{{dc}}
	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]