Face-threatening act - Revision history

NBlöcher at 16:12, 29 June 2014

2014-06-29T16:12:51Z

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	[[Category:En]]		[[Category:En]]
	[[Category:DICT]]		[[Category:DICT]]
			[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]
			[[Category:Pragmatics]]

KPolitt: categorization

2013-05-20T14:52:38Z

categorization

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	{{Wikipedia\|Politeness_theory#Face-Threatening_Acts}}		{{Wikipedia\|Politeness_theory#Face-Threatening_Acts}}

			[[Category:En]]
			[[Category:DICT]]

Volker gast at 21:23, 28 September 2009

2009-09-28T21:23:33Z

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	===Links===		==Links==

	{{Wikipedia\|Politeness_theory#Face-Threatening_Acts}}		{{Wikipedia\|Politeness_theory#Face-Threatening_Acts}}

Volker gast: /* FTAs Threatening the Speaker’s Face */

2009-09-28T21:23:05Z

FTAs Threatening the Speaker’s Face

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	Example:		Example:
	* Apology: “I think I made a huge mistake.” -> The speaker makes a ~~confession~~ about his/her own shortcomings, thereby 'damaging' his/her own positive self-image/face.		* Apology: “I think I made a huge mistake.” -> The speaker makes a statement about his/her own shortcomings, thereby 'damaging' his/her own positive self-image/face.

	====Negative Face====		====Negative Face====
	FTAs threatening the speaker’s personal freedom include ~~expressing~~ thanks, acceptance of thanks/offers/compliments, apologies, excuses etc.		FTAs threatening the speaker’s personal freedom include theexpresion of thanks, acceptance of thanks/offers/compliments, apologies, excuses etc.

	Example:		Example:
	* Expression of thanks: “Thank you so much for your help.” -> The speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels ~~constrained~~ to do so. ~~Therefore his~~ freedom of action is threatened in the moment of speaking.		* Expression of thanks: “Thank you so much for your help.” -> The speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels obliged to do so. His freedom of action is thus threatened in the moment of speaking.

	==Literature==		==Literature==

Volker gast: /* Negative Face */

2009-09-28T21:21:50Z

Negative Face

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	====Negative Face====		====Negative Face====
	FTAs ~~threatening~~ the hearer’s personal freedom include (i) acts ~~stating~~ a future act of the hearer, e.g. orders/requests, suggestions/advice, reminding, threats/warnings/dares, (ii)acts ~~stating~~ a future act of speaker towards the hearer, e.g. offers/promises, and (iii) acts ~~stating~~ a desire of the speaker towards the hearer or his/her goods, e.g. compliments, expressions of emotions.		FTAs restricting the hearer’s personal freedom include (i) acts predicating a future act of the hearer, e.g. orders/requests, suggestions/advice, reminding, threats/warnings/dares, (ii) acts predicating a future act of the speaker towards the hearer, e.g. offers/promises, and (iii) acts expressing a desire of the speaker towards the hearer or his/her goods, e.g. compliments, expressions of emotions.

	Examples:		Examples:
	* Order: “Please give me that book.” -> The speaker expresses an anticipation of some future action of the hearer and thereby restricts his/her personal freedom~~. In that way the hearer’s negative face is threatened~~.		* Order: “Please give me that book.” -> The speaker expresses an anticipation of some future action of the hearer and thereby restricts his/her personal freedom.
	* Promise: “I promise I will come by tomorrow.” -> The speaker states a future action in which the hearer should be involved~~. Thereby the hearer’s personal freedom (negative face) is threatened~~.		* Promise: “I promise I will come by tomorrow.” -> The speaker states a future action in which the hearer should be involved.
	* Compliment: “I really like you.” -> The speaker expresses positive emotions towards the hearer which may involve an anticipation of a positive reaction by the hearer (giving thanks/expressing positive emotions towards the speaker). ~~Therefore, the hearer’s personal freedom of action (negative face) is threatened.~~		* Compliment: “I really like you.” -> The speaker expresses positive emotions towards the hearer which may involve an anticipation of a positive reaction by the hearer (giving thanks/expressing positive emotions towards the speaker).


	===FTAs Threatening the Speaker’s Face===		===FTAs Threatening the Speaker’s Face===

Volker gast: /* Types of FTAs */

2009-09-28T21:19:49Z

Types of FTAs

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	==Types of FTAs==		==Types of FTAs==
	(cf. Brown and Levinson 1987 {1978])		(cf. Brown and Levinson 1987 {1978])

	A distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten [[positive face]] and those which threaten [[negative face]], and (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearer’s face and FTAs which threaten the speaker’s face.		A distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten [[positive face]] and those which threaten [[negative face]], and (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearer’s face and FTAs which threaten the speaker’s face.

Volker gast: /* Types of FTAs */

2009-09-28T21:19:41Z

Types of FTAs

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	==Types of FTAs==		==Types of FTAs==
			(cf. Brown and Levinson 1987 {1978])
	A distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten [[positive face]] and those which threaten [[negative face]], and (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearer’s face and FTAs which threaten the speaker’s face.		A distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten [[positive face]] and those which threaten [[negative face]], and (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearer’s face and FTAs which threaten the speaker’s face.

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	Example:		Example:
	* Expression of thanks: “Thank you so much for your help.” -> The speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels constrained to do so. Therefore his freedom of action is threatened in the moment of speaking.		* Expression of thanks: “Thank you so much for your help.” -> The speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels constrained to do so. Therefore his freedom of action is threatened in the moment of speaking.


	==Literature==		==Literature==

Volker gast: /* Positive Face */

2009-09-28T21:19:17Z

Positive Face

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	====Positive Face====		====Positive Face====

	FTAs threatening the hearer’s self-image include (i) expressions ~~of the speaker’s negative evaluation of~~ the hearer’s positive face, e.g. disapproval, criticism, complaints, accusations, contradictions, disagreements etc., as well as (ii) expressions which show that the speaker does not care about H’s positive face, e.g. expressions of violent emotions, taboo topics, bad news, emotional topics, interruptions etc.		FTAs threatening the hearer’s self-image include (i) expressions negatively evaluating the hearer’s positive face, e.g. disapproval, criticism, complaints, accusations, contradictions, disagreements etc., as well as (ii) expressions which show that the speaker does not care about H’s positive face, e.g. expressions of violent emotions, taboo topics, bad news, emotional topics, interruptions etc.

	Examples		Examples
	* Criticism: “I think your report was not concise enough.” -> The hearer’s positive face is threatened because s/he is blamed for having done sth. badly, i.e. his/her self-image is negatively evaluated.		* Criticism: “I think your report was not concise enough.” -> The hearer’s positive face is threatened because s/he is blamed for having done sth. badly, i.e. his/her self-image is negatively evaluated.
			* Expression of emotions: "You’re feeling sad because of your ex-boyfriend, aren’t you?” -> The speaker addresses a topic which involves a state of emotional weakness on the part of the hearer, i.e. the speaker does not care about the 'public self-image' of the hearer, thus threatening his/her face.
	* ~~Emotions~~: ~~“You’re~~ feeling sad because of your ex-boyfriend, aren’t you?” -> The speaker addresses a topic which involves a state of emotional weakness of the hearer, i.e. the speaker does not care about the 'public self-image' of the hearer~~. Therefore~~, ~~the positive~~ face ~~is threatened~~.

	====Negative Face====		====Negative Face====

Volker gast: /* Definition */

2009-09-28T21:17:44Z

Definition

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	==Definition==		==Definition==
	A '''face-threatening act''' (FTA) is an act which challenges the [[face]] wants of an interlocutor. According to Brown and Levinson (1987 [1978]), ~~(speech)~~ acts may threaten the ~~speaker’s (S) as well as~~ the ~~hearer’s (H)~~ [[~~positive\|~~positive face]] ~~and/~~or [[negative face]].		A '''face-threatening act''' (FTA) is an act which challenges the [[face]] wants of an interlocutor. According to Brown and Levinson (1987 [1978]), '''face-threatening acts''' may threaten either the [[speaker's face]] or the [[hearer's face]], and they may threaten either [[positive face]] or [[negative face]].

	==Types of FTAs==		==Types of FTAs==

Volker gast: based on a term paper by Verena Schaller

2009-09-28T21:16:32Z

based on a term paper by Verena Schaller

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	~~This article~~ does not ~~exist yet~~. (~~You~~ may ~~find~~ the ~~links helpful~~, ~~but please~~ do ~~not violate its copyright when writing~~ a ~~Glottopedia article on this entry~~.)		==Definition==
			A '''face-threatening act''' (FTA) is an act which challenges the [[face]] wants of an interlocutor. According to Brown and Levinson (1987 [1978]), (speech) acts may threaten the speaker’s (S) as well as the hearer’s (H) [[positive\|positive face]] and/or [[negative face]].

			==Types of FTAs==
			A distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten [[positive face]] and those which threaten [[negative face]], and (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearer’s face and FTAs which threaten the speaker’s face.

			===FTAs Threatening the Hearer’s Face===
			====Positive Face====

			FTAs threatening the hearer’s self-image include (i) expressions of the speaker’s negative evaluation of the hearer’s positive face, e.g. disapproval, criticism, complaints, accusations, contradictions, disagreements etc., as well as (ii) expressions which show that the speaker does not care about H’s positive face, e.g. expressions of violent emotions, taboo topics, bad news, emotional topics, interruptions etc.

			Examples
			* Criticism: “I think your report was not concise enough.” -> The hearer’s positive face is threatened because s/he is blamed for having done sth. badly, i.e. his/her self-image is negatively evaluated.

			* Emotions: “You’re feeling sad because of your ex-boyfriend, aren’t you?” -> The speaker addresses a topic which involves a state of emotional weakness of the hearer, i.e. the speaker does not care about the 'public self-image' of the hearer. Therefore, the positive face is threatened.

			====Negative Face====
			FTAs threatening the hearer’s personal freedom include (i) acts stating a future act of the hearer, e.g. orders/requests, suggestions/advice, reminding, threats/warnings/dares, (ii)acts stating a future act of speaker towards the hearer, e.g. offers/promises, and (iii) acts stating a desire of the speaker towards the hearer or his/her goods, e.g. compliments, expressions of emotions.

			Examples:
			* Order: “Please give me that book.” -> The speaker expresses an anticipation of some future action of the hearer and thereby restricts his/her personal freedom. In that way the hearer’s negative face is threatened.
			* Promise: “I promise I will come by tomorrow.” -> The speaker states a future action in which the hearer should be involved. Thereby the hearer’s personal freedom (negative face) is threatened.
			* Compliment: “I really like you.” -> The speaker expresses positive emotions towards the hearer which may involve an anticipation of a positive reaction by the hearer (giving thanks/expressing positive emotions towards the speaker). Therefore, the hearer’s personal freedom of action (negative face) is threatened.


			===FTAs Threatening the Speaker’s Face===
			====Positive Face====
			FTAs threatening the speaker’s self-image include apologies, acceptance of a compliment, breakdown of physical/emotional control, self-humiliation, confession etc.

			Example:
			* Apology: “I think I made a huge mistake.” -> The speaker makes a confession about his/her own shortcomings, thereby 'damaging' his/her own positive self-image/face.

			====Negative Face====
			FTAs threatening the speaker’s personal freedom include expressing thanks, acceptance of thanks/offers/compliments, apologies, excuses etc.

			Example:
			* Expression of thanks: “Thank you so much for your help.” -> The speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels constrained to do so. Therefore his freedom of action is threatened in the moment of speaking.


			==Literature==
			* Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson (1987 [1978]). ''Politeness: Some Universals in Laguage Usage''. Cambridge: CUP.
			* Eeelen, Gino (2001). ''A Critique of Politeness Theories''. Manchester: St Jerome.
			* Janney, Richard W. and Horst Arndt (1993). Universality and Relativity in Cross-cultural Politeness Research: A Historical Perspective. ''Multilingua'' 12.1: 13-50.
			* Locher, Mriam A. and Richard J. Watts (2005). Politeness Theory and Relational Work. ''Journal of Politeness Research'' 1.5: 9-33.
			* O’Driscoll, Jim (2007). What’s in an FTA? Reflections on a Chance Meeting with Claudine. ''Journal of Politeness Research'' 3.7: 243-268.