http://glottopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Russky1802&feedformat=atomGlottopedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:12:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Russky1802&diff=11363User:Russky18022011-02-22T23:01:22Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov<br />
<br />
Education: M.A. (Second language studies), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006-2008; Diplom (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001<br />
<br />
Research and study interests:<br />
* [[syntax]] ([[Government and Binding|GB]], Minimalism)<br />
* [[historical linguistics]]<br />
* [[language acquisition]] (both L1 and L2)<br />
* [[psycholinguistics]]<br />
* [[phonetics]]<br />
* [[morphology]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Scholarships: [[Fulbright program|Fulbright]] scholar, 2006-2008<br />
<br />
Scholars I admire (the list is by no means complete!):<br />
*[[David Crystal]]<br />
*[[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
*[[David Adger]]<br />
*[[Andrew Radford]]<br />
*[[Ray Jackendoff]]<br />
*[[Howard Lasnik]]<br />
*[[Victoria Fromkin]]<br />
*[[Liliane Haegeman]]<br />
*[[Stephen Pinker]]<br />
*[[Anna Wierzbicka]]<br />
*[[Terrence Deacon]]<br />
*[[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]]<br />
*[[Peter Ladefoged]]<br />
*[[John C. Wells]]<br />
*[[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
*[[Lydia White]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Best books on linguistics:<br />
*O'Grady, W. et al. 2005. ''Contemporary Linguistics.'' Boston; New York: Bedford; St. Martin's. ISBN 0312419368<br />
*Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. ''Linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631197117<br />
*Crystal, D. 2006. ''How language works.'' Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 9781585678488<br />
<br />
Best books on generative syntax:<br />
*Adger, D. 2003. ''Core Syntax: A Minimalist approach.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Haegeman, L. 1994. ''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631190678</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Morpheme&diff=6493Morpheme2008-07-06T04:07:54Z<p>Russky1802: added russian term</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''morpheme''' is the smallest meaning -bearing unit of language.<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
''Kangaroo'' is one morpheme. ''Kangaroos'' is two morphemes, ''kangaroo'' and plural ''-s''. The ''-s'' expresses the meaning 'many' or 'more than one' in this example.<br />
<br />
===Polysemy===<br />
''Morpheme'' may also be used for 'grammatical morpheme', see [[morpheme (i.e. grammatical morpheme)]].<br />
<br />
===Synonym===<br />
*[[moneme]] (Martinet)<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
The term ''morpheme'' was coined by [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]] in c. 1880. It is based on Greek ''morph-'' 'form' and the suffix -eme, on the analogy of the term ''phoneme''. See Mugdan (1986) for detailed discussion.<br />
<br />
===related terms===<br />
*[[formative]]<br />
*[[morph]]<br />
*[[amorphous]]<br />
<br />
===Reference===<br />
Mugdan, Joachim. 1986. Was ist eigentlich ein Morphem?<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
German [[Morphem]] Spanish [[morfema]] Chinese [[语素]] Russian [[морфема]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Aspect&diff=6492Aspect2008-07-06T04:06:31Z<p>Russky1802: added russian term</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
<br />
'''Aspect''' is an inflectional [[category-system]] of verbs that has to do with the internal temporal constituency of an event.<br />
<br />
===Categories===<br />
* [[perfective]] aspect<br />
* [[imperfective]] aspect<br />
* [[habitual]] aspect<br />
* [[progressive]] aspect<br />
* [[continuous]] aspect<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Aspekt]]<br />
*Russian [[вид]]<br />
*Spanish [[aspecto]]<br />
*Czech [[vid]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Semantics]]<br />
[[Category:Aspect|!]]<br />
[[Category:Verbal morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Syntax&diff=6491Syntax2008-07-06T04:02:59Z<p>Russky1802: added russian term</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Syntax''' is the way in which [[word]]s combine to yield [[clause]]s.<br />
<br />
===Term properties===<br />
The relational adjective is ''syntactic''.<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
From Classical Greek ''sún-taxis'' 'arranging together'.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
French [[syntaxe]] German [[Syntax (de)]] Russian [[синтаксис]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljko_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87&diff=5182Željko Bošković2008-01-08T23:04:35Z<p>Russky1802: New page: ===Link=== [http://web.uconn.edu/boskovic/ Homepage] Bošković, Željko</p>
<hr />
<div>===Link===<br />
[http://web.uconn.edu/boskovic/ Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:LINGUIST|Bošković, Željko]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Noun_(Latin_nomen)&diff=5181Noun (Latin nomen)2008-01-08T23:01:26Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>In older Western grammar based on the Latin tradition, the term '''noun''' is used for a word class that inflects for case, i.e. (in Latin and similar Indo-European languages) a class comprising both nouns and adjectives. <br />
<br />
=== Comments ===<br />
The category of ''nomen'' is subclassified into the following subtypes: ''nomen substantivum, nomen adjectivum, nomen numerale'' etc. This terminology is still current in Russian (''imja''), Hebrew (''toʔar'') and other European languages.<br />
<br />
=== Polysemy ===<br />
* In English, ''noun'' more often refers to a word class that prototypically expresses things: see [[noun]].<br />
<br />
=== Synonyms ===<br />
* [[substantive (noun or adjective)]]<br />
<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
Latin ''nomen''<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Nomen]]<br />
*Russian [[имя]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Part of speech]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Noun_(Latin_nomen)&diff=5180Noun (Latin nomen)2008-01-08T23:00:51Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>In older Western grammar based on the Latin tradition, the term '''noun''' is used for a word class that inflects for case, i.e. (in Latin and similar Indo-European languages) a class comprising both nouns and adjectives. <br />
<br />
=== Comments ===<br />
The category of ''nomen'' is subclassified into the following subtypes: ''nomen substantivum, nomen adjectivum, nomen numerale'' etc. This terminology is still current in Russian (''imja''), Hebrew (''toʔar'') and other European languages.<br />
<br />
=== Polysemy ===<br />
* In English, ''noun'' more often refers to a word class that prototypically expresses things: see [[noun]].<br />
<br />
=== Synonyms ===<br />
* [[substantive (noun or adjective)]]<br />
<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
Latin ''nomen''<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
German [[Nomen]]<br />
Russian [[имя]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Part of speech]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=John_C._Wells&diff=5157John C. Wells2008-01-08T02:50:20Z<p>Russky1802: New page: ===Link=== [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ Homepage] Wells, John</p>
<hr />
<div>===Link===<br />
[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:LINGUIST|Wells, John]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Mark_Baker&diff=5156Mark Baker2008-01-08T02:48:51Z<p>Russky1802: New page: ===Link=== [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mabaker/ Homepage] Baker, Mark</p>
<hr />
<div>===Link===<br />
[http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mabaker/ Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:LINGUIST|Baker, Mark]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Howard_Lasnik&diff=5155Howard Lasnik2008-01-08T02:47:17Z<p>Russky1802: New page: ===Link=== [http://www.ling.umd.edu/lasnik/ Homepage] Lasnik, Howard</p>
<hr />
<div>===Link===<br />
[http://www.ling.umd.edu/lasnik/ Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:LINGUIST|Lasnik, Howard]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Andrew_Radford&diff=5154Andrew Radford2008-01-08T02:45:10Z<p>Russky1802: New page: ===Link=== [http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~radford/ Homepage] Radford, Andrew</p>
<hr />
<div>===Link===<br />
[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~radford/ Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:LINGUIST|Radford, Andrew]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Russky1802&diff=5137User:Russky18022008-01-05T20:10:03Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov<br />
<br />
Education: M.A. (Second language studies), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006-2008; Diplom (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001<br />
<br />
Research and study interests:<br />
* [[syntax]] ([[Government and Binding|GB]], Minimalism)<br />
* [[language acquisition]] (both L1 and L2)<br />
* [[psycholinguistics]]<br />
* [[phonetics]]<br />
* [[morphology]]<br />
<br />
Scholarships: [[Fulbright program|Fulbright]] scholar, 2006-2008<br />
<br />
Scholars I admire (the list is by no means complete!):<br />
*[[David Crystal]]<br />
*[[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
*[[David Adger]]<br />
*[[Andrew Radford]]<br />
*[[Ray Jackendoff]]<br />
*[[Howard Lasnik]]<br />
*[[Victoria Fromkin]]<br />
*[[Liliane Haegeman]]<br />
*[[Stephen Pinker]]<br />
*[[Anna Wierzbicka]]<br />
*[[Terrence Deacon]]<br />
*[[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]]<br />
*[[Peter Ladefoged]]<br />
*[[John C. Wells]]<br />
*[[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
*[[Lydia White]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Best books on linguistics:<br />
*O'Grady, W. et al. 2005. ''Contemporary Linguistics.'' Boston; New York: Bedford; St. Martin's. ISBN 0312419368<br />
*Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. ''Linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631197117<br />
*Crystal, D. 2006. ''How language works.'' Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 9781585678488<br />
<br />
Best books on generative syntax:<br />
*Adger, D. 2003. ''Core Syntax: A Minimalist approach.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Haegeman, L. 1994. ''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631190678</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Gender_(grammar)&diff=5136Gender (grammar)2008-01-05T20:02:01Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
'''Gender''' is an inflectional [[dimension]] used on [[referring expression|referring expressions]] to designate semantic class membership of their denotatum.<br />
<br />
:::*''"By the term ''gender'' is here meant any ''grammatical'' class-division presenting some analogy to the distinction in the Aryan languages between masculine, feminine and neuter, whether the division be based on the natural division into the two sexes, or on that between animate and inanimate, or on something else."'' (Jespersen 1924:226)<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
Traditionally, the distinction between [[natural gender]] (which designates the biological sex of animate referents) and [[grammatical gender]] (categorisations which depend on other, culturally specific criteria) has attracted much attention.<br />
<br />
===List of genders===<br />
*[[masculine]]<br />
*[[feminine]]<br />
*[[neuter]]<br />
<br />
===Synonym===<br />
*[[noun class]]<br />
<br />
===See also===<br />
*[[classifier]]<br />
*[[gender (sociolinguistics)]]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*{{:Corbett 1991}}<br />
*{{:Jespersen 1924}}<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*French [[genre]]<br />
*German [[Genus]], [[Geschlecht]]<br />
*Russian [[род]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}} <br />
[[Category:Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Base_(in_morphology)&diff=5135Base (in morphology)2008-01-05T19:59:38Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>In morphology, a '''base''' is a bigger unit to which an [[affix]] attaches or to which a [[morphological process]] applies.<br />
<br />
:::*''"I shall try to use the term ''root'' to refer to a single morpheme which bears the 'core' meaning of a word. The term ''stem'' will be reserved for that part of a word to which inflectional affixes are added, and ''base'' for that part to which any other morpheme is added (inflectional, derivational, compound). Unfortunately, this terminology isn't standardized..."'' (Spencer 1991: 461) <br />
<br />
===Synonym===<br />
*[[stem]] (though this term is somewhat narrower, applying mostly to bases of inflectional affixes or processes)<br />
*[[host]] (though this term is more commonly used in relation to clitics)<br />
<br />
===Reference===<br />
Spencer, Andrew. 1991. ''Morphological theory.'' Oxford: Blackwell.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Basis]]<br />
*Russian [[основа]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Suffix&diff=5134Suffix2008-01-05T19:58:31Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''suffix''' is an [[affix]] which follows its [[base]]. <br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
:::*''“The term “affix”, which was used in §§24 and 28, is grammatical: it subsumes bound forms of certain kinds. But the apparently parallel terms “prefix”, "suffix”, “infix” are not grammatical; they refer, rather to positional classes of the morphs which represent bound forms.”'' (Hockett 1958:286)<br />
<br />
=== Synonyms ===<br />
*[[infix]] (in African linguistics)<br />
* [[ending]] (used especially for inflectional suffxes)<br />
* [[desinence]] (used especially for inflectional suffxes)<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
The OED's first attestation is from 1778. The term is derived from Latin ''suffīgere'' ‘attach’.<br />
<br />
===Reference===<br />
*Hockett, Charles. 1958. ''A course in modern linguistics.'' New York: Macmillan.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Suffix (de)]]<br />
*Russian [[суффикс]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Prefix&diff=5133Prefix2008-01-05T19:57:40Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''prefix''' is an [[affix]] which precedes its [[base]].<br />
<br />
:::''"Prefixes are affixes which precede the root with which they are most closely associated."'' (Gleason 1955:59)<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
The term ''prefix'' is attested in English since the 17th century.<br />
<br />
===Reference===<br />
{{:Gleason 1955}}<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*French [[préfixe]] <br />
*German [[Präfix]]<br />
*Russian [[приставка]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Affix&diff=5132Affix2008-01-05T19:55:08Z<p>Russky1802: new ref. updated</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''affix''' is a [[morph]] that always occurs attached to another morph, that is short and that has a fairly abstract meaning (especially compared to [[root]]s, the main type of non-affix morph). The element to which an affix attaches is called [[base]].<br />
<br />
:::*''"In general, affixes are subsidiary to roots, while roots are the centers of such constructions as words. Roots are frequently longer than affixes, and generally much more numerous in the vocabulary."'' (Gleason 1955:59)<br />
:::* ''“Obligatorily bound morphs which do not realise lexemes and which are attached to roots to produce word-forms are called '''affixes'''.”'' (Bauer 1988:11)<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
*[[prefix]]<br />
*[[suffix]]<br />
*[[infix]]<br />
*[[circumfix]]<br />
*[[adfix]]<br />
*[[postfix]]<br />
*[[antefix]]<br />
*[[duplifix]]<br />
*[[ambifix]]<br />
*[[interfix]]<br />
*[[simulfix]]<br />
*[[confix]]<br />
*[[introfix]]<br />
*[[suprafix]]<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
Formed from [[Latin]] ''ad'' ‘to’ and ''fixus'' ‘fixed’. The term ''affix'' is attested in English since the 17th century. Before that, morphology was generally described in terms of [[paradigm]]s rather than in terms of constituent elements such as affixes and roots.<br />
<br />
===See also===<br />
[[Affixes]] (survey article)<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*{{:Bauer 1988}}<br />
*Bauer, Laurie. 2003. ''Introducing linguistic morphology'' (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-343-4<br />
*{{:Gleason 1955}}<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*French [[affixe]]<br />
*German [[Affix (de)]]<br />
*Russian [[аффикс]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category: Morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Case&diff=5131Case2008-01-05T19:49:05Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>In [[morphosyntax]], '''case''' is a [[grammatical category system]] marked on [[noun phrase]]s to indicate the syntactic-semantic relationship between the noun phrases and other elements in the clause. Case categories are marked by [[affix]]es or occasionally by other morphological means (such as [[stem change]]s), mostly on the [[head]] noun of the noun phrase.<br />
<br />
::*''“Case: an inflectional [[dimension]] of nouns that serves to code the noun phrase's semantic role.”'' (Haspelmath 2002:267)<br />
<br />
=== Examples ===<br />
<br />
Frequently encountered cases are the [[genitive case]] for the adnominal possessor (e.g. English ''the girl’'''s''' book''), the [[accusative case]] for the direct object (e.g. Latin ''video Ciceron-em'' [I.see Cicero-ACC]), and the [[dative case]] for the recipient (e.g. Japanese ''watashi-wa Taro-ni hon-o age-ta'' [I-TOP Taro-DAT book-ACC give-PAST] ‘I gave Taro a book.’).<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
<br />
::*''“There is among many scholars a strong feeling that the term [''case''] should be used only where clear case morphemes are discoverable in the inflection of nouns.”'' (Fillmore 1968:19)<br />
<br />
=== Subtypes ===<br />
*[[grammatical cases]] vs. [[concrete cases]]<br />
*[[spatial cases]]<br />
*[[structural cases]] vs. [[inherent cases]] vs. [[lexical cases]]<br />
*[[direct case]] vs. [[oblique case]]s<br />
<br />
===Subcategories===<br />
*[[nominative case]]<br />
*[[accusative case]]<br />
*[[ergative case]]<br />
*[[absolutive case]]<br />
*[[genitive case]]<br />
*[[dative case]]<br />
*[[instrumental case]]<br />
*[[comitative case]]<br />
*[[locative case]]<br />
*[[allative case]]<br />
*[[ablative case]]<br />
<br />
=== Polysemy ===<br />
<br />
The term ''case'' is also used<br />
* for semantic roles -- see [[deep case]]<br />
* for an abstract and often invisible/inaudible feature licensing the occurrence of noun phrases -- see [[abstract case]]<br />
* as a general term for cases and adpositions --- see [[flag]]<br />
<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
<br />
The term ''case'' goes back to the earliest Western grammatical works (Dionysius Thrax, perhaps Aristotle). In Latin, the term ''casus'' (literally 'falling') is found in Varro (?), evidently as a loan translation from Greek ''ptóòsis'' ‘falling’. According to Blake (2001:18), the metaphor "seems to have been of falling away from an assumed standard form". Fillmore (1968:6) translates it as ‘deviation’.<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
*[[Barry J. Blake|Blake, Barry J.]]. 2001. ''Case.'' 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*Butt, Miriam. 2006. ''Theories of case.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-79731-4<br />
*[[Charles J. Fillmore|Fillmore, Charles J]]. 1968. The case for case. In: Bach, Emmon & Harms, Robert T. (eds.) ''Universals in linguistic theory.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1-88.<br />
*{{:Haspelmath 2002}}<br />
<br />
=== Other languages ===<br />
*Czech [[pád]] <br />
*German [[Kasus]]<br />
*Russian [[падеж]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Case|!]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Case&diff=5130Case2008-01-05T19:48:03Z<p>Russky1802: one ref., russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>In [[morphosyntax]], '''case''' is a [[grammatical category system]] marked on [[noun phrase]]s to indicate the syntactic-semantic relationship between the noun phrases and other elements in the clause. Case categories are marked by [[affix]]es or occasionally by other morphological means (such as [[stem change]]s), mostly on the [[head]] noun of the noun phrase.<br />
<br />
::*''“Case: an inflectional [[dimension]] of nouns that serves to code the noun phrase's semantic role.”'' (Haspelmath 2002:267)<br />
<br />
=== Examples ===<br />
<br />
Frequently encountered cases are the [[genitive case]] for the adnominal possessor (e.g. English ''the girl’'''s''' book''), the [[accusative case]] for the direct object (e.g. Latin ''video Ciceron-em'' [I.see Cicero-ACC]), and the [[dative case]] for the recipient (e.g. Japanese ''watashi-wa Taro-ni hon-o age-ta'' [I-TOP Taro-DAT book-ACC give-PAST] ‘I gave Taro a book.’).<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
<br />
::*''“There is among many scholars a strong feeling that the term [''case''] should be used only where clear case morphemes are discoverable in the inflection of nouns.”'' (Fillmore 1968:19)<br />
<br />
=== Subtypes ===<br />
*[[grammatical cases]] vs. [[concrete cases]]<br />
*[[spatial cases]]<br />
*[[structural cases]] vs. [[inherent cases]] vs. [[lexical cases]]<br />
*[[direct case]] vs. [[oblique case]]s<br />
<br />
===Subcategories===<br />
*[[nominative case]]<br />
*[[accusative case]]<br />
*[[ergative case]]<br />
*[[absolutive case]]<br />
*[[genitive case]]<br />
*[[dative case]]<br />
*[[instrumental case]]<br />
*[[comitative case]]<br />
*[[locative case]]<br />
*[[allative case]]<br />
*[[ablative case]]<br />
<br />
=== Polysemy ===<br />
<br />
The term ''case'' is also used<br />
* for semantic roles -- see [[deep case]]<br />
* for an abstract and often invisible/inaudible feature licensing the occurrence of noun phrases -- see [[abstract case]]<br />
* as a general term for cases and adpositions --- see [[flag]]<br />
<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
<br />
The term ''case'' goes back to the earliest Western grammatical works (Dionysius Thrax, perhaps Aristotle). In Latin, the term ''casus'' (literally 'falling') is found in Varro (?), evidently as a loan translation from Greek ''ptóòsis'' ‘falling’. According to Blake (2001:18), the metaphor "seems to have been of falling away from an assumed standard form". Fillmore (1968:6) translates it as ‘deviation’.<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
*[[Barry J. Blake|Blake, Barry J.]]. 2001. ''Case.'' 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*Butt, Miriam. 2006. ''Theories of case.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-79731-4<br />
*[[Charles J. Fillmore|Fillmore, Charles J]]. 1968. The case for case. In: Bach, Emmon & Harms, Robert T. (eds.) ''Universals in linguistic theory.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1-88.<br />
*{{:Haspelmath 2002}}<br />
<br />
=== Other languages ===<br />
*Czech [[pád]] <br />
*German [[Kasus<br />
*Russian [[падеж]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Case|!]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Person&diff=5129Person2008-01-05T19:37:18Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Person''' is an inflectional [[dimension]] used mostly on verbal predicates, [[possessed noun]]s and [[adposition]]s to denote the [[speech act participant]]s [[speaker]] and [[hearer]] and their contrast with non-speech act particiants. In some languages, the dimension person is not categorized into speaker vs. hearer vs. non-speech act participants, but into what is called [[conjunct]], [[locutor]], [[informant]], or [[epistemic source]] vs. other. The conjunct (locutor/informant/epistemic source) person is the speaker in statements and the addressee in questions. <br />
<br />
===Inflectional categories===<br />
*[[First person]]<br />
*[[Second person]]<br />
*[[Third person]]<br />
*[[Fourth person]]<br />
*[[Locutor]]<br />
*[[Conjunct]]<br />
*[[Epistemic source]]<br />
*[[Informant]]<br />
<br />
See also<br />
*[[Impersonal]]<br />
*[[Inclusive vs. exclusive]]<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
The term ''person'' and the names for the three main categories (first, second, third) go back to the ancient Greek grammarians.<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*[[Anna Siewierska|Siewierska, Anna.]] 2003. ''Person.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*Bickel, Balthasar & Nichols, Johanna. 2007. Inflectional morphology. In: Shopen, T. [ed.] "Language typology and syntactic description". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*French [[personne]]<br />
*German [[Person (de)]]<br />
*Russian [[лицо]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Morphology]]<br />
[[Category:Verbal morphology]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Infinitive&diff=5128Infinitive2008-01-05T19:35:43Z<p>Russky1802: russian term added</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''infinitive''' is a verb form whose [[subject]] slot is blocked so that it does not function as the [[main verb]] of an [[independent clause]]. However, it does designate a [[situation core]], so it may function as the head of a (non-finite) [[dependent clause]]. Morphologically, it is a non-finite form which is crucially not specified for [[person]], [[number]] and [[mood]]. Other categories which may or may not be absent include [[tense]], [[aspect]] and [[voice]].<br />
<br />
The infinitive is a kind of [[non-finite verb]].<br />
<br />
The infinitive is a kind of [[verbal noun]].<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
[[Portuguese]] and [[Old Neapolitan]] have an infinitive that inflects for person and number.<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
*[[adverbial infinitive]] <br />
*[[historic infinitive]] <br />
*[[conjugated infinitive]] <br />
*[[inflected infinitive]]<br />
<br />
===See also===<br />
*[[infinitive construction]]<br />
<br />
===Link===<br />
[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Linguistic Documentation, Universität Erfurt]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*Askedal, John Ole 1988, „Über den Infinitiv als Subjekt im Deutschen. Eine empirische Untersuchung anhand des Erzählwerks von Thomas Mann.“ ''Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik'' 16: 1-25.<br />
*Steube, Anita & Zybatow, Gerhild (eds.) 1994, Zur Satzwertigkeit von Infinitiven und Small Clauses. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer (Linguistische Arbeiten, 315).<br />
*Bech, Gunnar 1983, Studien über das deutsche Verbum infinitum. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer.<br />
*Calboli, Gualtiero 1981, „Le frasi interrogativo-esclamative latine e l’infinito.“ Geckeler, Horst et al. (eds.), Logos semantikos. Studia linguistica in honorem Eugenio Coseriu, 1921-1981. 5 Bde. Berlin & New York: W. de Gruyter; Madrid: Gredos; 4: 133-153.<br />
*Chierchia, Gennaro 1984, Topics in the syntax and semantics of infinitives and gerunds. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts (GSLA).<br />
*Disterheft, Dorothy 1980, The syntactic development of the infinitive in Indo-European. Columbus, OH: Slavica.<br />
*Haspelmath, Martin 1989, „From purposive to infinitive - a universal path of grammaticization.“ Folia Linguistica Historica 10: 287-310. excerpt<br />
*Humboldt, Wilhelm von 1853, „Über den Infinitiv.“ Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 2: 242-251.<br />
*Joseph, Brian D. 1985, The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan infinitive. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Supplementary Volume).<br />
*Leumann, Manu 1973, „Zum lateinischen Infin. fut. akt. auf -turum esse.“ Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 31: 129-132.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*French [[infinitif]] <br />
*German [[Infinitiv]] <br />
*Portuguese [[infinitivo (pt)]] <br />
*Russian [[инфинитив]]<br />
*Spanish [[infinitivo (es)]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Russky1802&diff=5120User:Russky18022008-01-05T08:52:20Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov<br />
<br />
Education: M.A. (Second language studies), [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], 2006-2008; B.A. (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001<br />
<br />
Research and study interests:<br />
* [[syntax]] ([[Government and Binding|GB]], Minimalism)<br />
* [[language acquisition]] (both L1 and L2)<br />
* [[psycholinguistics]]<br />
* [[phonetics]]<br />
* [[morphology]]<br />
<br />
Scholarships: [[Fulbright program|Fulbright]] scholar, 2006-2008<br />
<br />
Scholars I admire (the list is by no means complete!):<br />
*[[David Crystal]]<br />
*[[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
*[[David Adger]]<br />
*[[Andrew Radford]]<br />
*[[Ray Jackendoff]]<br />
*[[Howard Lasnik]]<br />
*[[Victoria Fromkin]]<br />
*[[Liliane Haegeman]]<br />
*[[Stephen Pinker]]<br />
*[[Anna Wierzbicka]]<br />
*[[Terrence Deacon]]<br />
*[[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]]<br />
*[[Peter Ladefoged]]<br />
*[[John C. Wells]]<br />
*[[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
*[[Lydia White]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Best books on linguistics:<br />
*O'Grady, W. et al. 2005. ''Contemporary Linguistics.'' Boston; New York: Bedford; St. Martin's. ISBN 0312419368<br />
*Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. ''Linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631197117<br />
*Crystal, D. 2006. ''How language works.'' Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 9781585678488<br />
<br />
Best books on generative syntax:<br />
*Adger, D. 2003. ''Core Syntax: A Minimalist approach.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Haegeman, L. 1994. ''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631190678</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Russky1802&diff=5119User:Russky18022008-01-05T08:51:00Z<p>Russky1802: </p>
<hr />
<div>User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov<br />
<br />
Education: M.A. (Second language studies), [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], 2006-2008; B.A. (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001<br />
<br />
Research and study interests:<br />
* [[syntax]] ([[Government and Binding|GB]], Minimalism)<br />
* [[language acquisition]] (both L1 and L2)<br />
* [[psycholinguistics]]<br />
* [[phonetics]]<br />
* [[morphology]]<br />
<br />
Scholarships: [[Fulbright program|Fulbright]] scholar, 2006-2008<br />
<br />
Scholars I admire (the list is by no means complete!):<br />
*[[David Crystal]]<br />
*[[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
*[[David Adger]]<br />
*[[Andrew Radford]]<br />
*[[Ray Jackendoff]]<br />
*[[Howard Lasnik]]<br />
*[[Victoria Fromkin]]<br />
*[[Liliane Haegeman]]<br />
*[[Stephen Pinker]]<br />
*[[Anna Wierzbicka]]<br />
*[[Terrence Deacon]]<br />
*[[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]]<br />
*[[Peter Ladefoged]]<br />
*[[John C. Wells]]<br />
*[[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
*[[Lydia White]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Best books on linguistics:<br />
*O'Grady, W. et al. 2005. ''Contemporary Linguistics.'' Boston; New York: Bedford; St. Martin's. ISBN 0312419368<br />
*Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. ''Linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631197117<br />
*Crystal, D. 2006. ''How language works.'' Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 9781585678488<br />
<br />
Best books on generative syntax:<br />
*Adger, D. 2003. ''Core Syntax: A Minimalist approach.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Haegeman, L. 1994. ''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631190678}}</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Minimalist_Program&diff=5118Minimalist Program2008-01-05T08:43:55Z<p>Russky1802: chomsky's seminal papers added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
The '''Minimalist Program''' is a set of programmatic ideas for the creation of a theoretical framework for [[:category:syntax|syntax]], developed by [[Noam A. Chomsky]] and his followers since the early 1990s. <br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*Adger, David. 2003. ''Core syntax: A minimalist approach.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Boeckx, Cedric. 2006. ''Linguistic Minimalism: Origins, concepts, methods, and aims.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />
*Boskovic, Zeljko, and Howard Lasnik. 2007. ''Minimalist Syntax: The essential readings.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631-23304-0<br />
*[[Noam A. Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam A.]] 1995. ''The Minimalist Program.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br />
*Chomsky, Noam A. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz, ed., ''Ken Hale: A life in language'', 1-52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0262112574<br />
*Chomsky, Noam A. 2004. Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana Belletti, ed., ''Structures and beyond'', 104-131. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195171977<br />
*Hornstein, Norbert, Jairo Nunes, and Kleanthes K. Grohmann. 2005. ''Understanding Minimalism.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-53194-2<br />
*Johnson, David E. & Shalom Lappin. 1999. ''Local Constraints vs. Economy.'' Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. ISBN 1-57586-182-8<br />
*Radford, Andrew. 2004. ''Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the structure of English.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-54274-X<br />
*Seuren, Pieter. 2004. ''Chomsky's Minimalism.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-17306-6<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Framework]]<br />
[[Category:Minimalism|!]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Minimalist_Program&diff=5117Minimalist Program2008-01-05T08:28:07Z<p>Russky1802: references addes with ISBNs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
The '''Minimalist Program''' is a set of programmatic ideas for the creation of a theoretical framework for [[:category:syntax|syntax]], developed by [[Noam A. Chomsky]] and his followers since the early 1990s. <br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*Adger, David. 2003. ''Core syntax: A minimalist approach.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199243700<br />
*Boeckx, Cedric. 2006. ''Linguistic Minimalism: Origins, concepts, methods, and aims.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />
*Boskovic, Zeljko, and Howard Lasnik. 2007. ''Minimalist Syntax: The essential readings.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631-23304-0<br />
*[[Noam A. Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam A.]] 1995. ''The Minimalist Program.'' Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.<br />
*Hornstein, Norbert, Jairo Nunes, and Kleanthes K. Grohmann. 2005. ''Understanding Minimalism.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-53194-2<br />
*Johnson, David E. & Shalom Lappin. 1999. ''Local Constraints vs. Economy.'' Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. ISBN 1-57586-182-8<br />
*Radford, Andrew. 2004. ''Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the structure of English.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-54274-X<br />
*Seuren, Pieter. 2004. ''Chomsky's Minimalism.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-17306-6<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Framework]]<br />
[[Category:Minimalism|!]]</div>Russky1802http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Russky1802&diff=5116User:Russky18022008-01-05T08:10:21Z<p>Russky1802: New page: User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov Education: M.A. (Second language studies), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006-2008; B.A. (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001 Research and study intere...</p>
<hr />
<div>User's name: Alexander V. Bochkov<br />
<br />
Education: M.A. (Second language studies), [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], 2006-2008; B.A. (Applied linguistics), 1996-2001<br />
<br />
Research and study interests:<br />
* [[syntax]] ([[Government and Binding|GB]], Minimalism)<br />
* [[language acquisition]] (both L1 and L2)<br />
* [[psycholinguistics]]<br />
* [[phonetics]]<br />
* [[morphology]]<br />
<br />
Scholarships: [[Fulbright program|Fulbright]] scholar, 2006-2008<br />
<br />
Scholars I admire (the list is by no means complete!):<br />
*[[David Crystal]]<br />
*[[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
*[[David Adger]]<br />
*[[Andrew Radford]]<br />
*[[Ray Jackendoff]]<br />
*[[Howard Lasnik]]<br />
*[[Victoria Fromkin]]<br />
*[[Liliane Haegeman]]<br />
*[[Stephen Pinker]]<br />
*[[Anna Wierzbicka]]<br />
*[[Terrence Deacon]]<br />
*[[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]]<br />
*[[Peter Ladefoged]]<br />
*[[John C. Wells]]<br />
*[[Jerry Fodor]]<br />
*[[Lydia White]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Best books on linguistics:<br />
*{{cite book | author=O'Grady, W. et al.| title=''Contemporary Linguistics''| location=Boston; New York | publisher=Bedford; St. Martin's | year=2005 |id=ISBN 0312419368}}<br />
*{{cite book | author=Fromkin, V. et al.| title=''Linguistics''| location=Malden, MA | publisher=Blackwell | year=2000 |id=ISBN 0631197117}}<br />
*{{cite book | author=Crystal, D.| title=''How language works''| location=Woodstock, NY; New York | publisher=The Overlook Press | year=2006 |id=ISBN 9781585678488}}<br />
<br />
Best books on generative syntax:<br />
*{{cite book | author=Adger, D.| title=''Core Syntax: A Minimalist approach''| location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2003 |id=ISBN 0199243700}}<br />
*{{cite book | author=Haegeman, L.| title=''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory''| location=Malden, MA | publisher=Blackwell | year=1994 |id=ISBN 0631190678}}</div>Russky1802