http://glottopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Rostin&feedformat=atomGlottopedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T10:16:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Fjl.quintana&diff=17911User talk:Fjl.quintana2023-02-18T10:19:49Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 10:19, 18 February 2023 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Isabelle.bril&diff=17910User talk:Isabelle.bril2023-02-18T10:14:45Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 10:14, 18 February 2023 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Melody_Wang&diff=17909User talk:Melody Wang2022-11-28T20:42:01Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 20:42, 28 November 2022 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:GKramer&diff=17884User talk:GKramer2022-07-15T18:38:51Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 18:38, 15 July 2022 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:AzadNakir&diff=17883User talk:AzadNakir2022-05-27T08:31:35Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 08:31, 27 May 2022 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Gnasa&diff=17866User talk:Gnasa2022-04-14T10:15:23Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 10:15, 14 April 2022 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Zheng&diff=17857User talk:Zheng2021-12-08T11:55:46Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 11:55, 8 December 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Ajaymalik&diff=17853User talk:Ajaymalik2021-09-14T22:08:40Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 22:08, 14 September 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Paul.Unger&diff=17852User talk:Paul.Unger2021-09-14T22:06:36Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 22:06, 14 September 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17851Main Page2021-09-08T14:53:23Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
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<div {{Greenbox2}}><br />
'''Temporary downtime for maintenance: 9th October 2021 to 11th October 2021'''<br />
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'''Glottopedia has been updated.'''<br />
;Update information (17th September 2020)<br />
:The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed.<br />
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:It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. <strike>The [http://glottoneu.uni-trier.de old version of Glottopedia] will still be available for an indeterminate amount of time, but it will not be editable any longer.</strike> If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact <tt>glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de</tt>.<br />
:<strike>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.</strike><br />
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;Update information (2nd November 2020)<br />
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<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
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{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]], [[Johannes Benzing]], [[Simon C. Dik]], [[Dionysius Thrax]], [[Stefan Elders]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Einar Haugen]], [[Marco Haverkort]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Harry L. Shorto]],· [[John Sinclair]], [[Sergej A. Starostin]], [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
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* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17850Main Page2021-09-08T14:51:47Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
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<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
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{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
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[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
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=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]], [[Johannes Benzing]], [[Simon C. Dik]], [[Dionysius Thrax]], [[Stefan Elders]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Einar Haugen]], [[Marco Haverkort]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Harry L. Shorto]],· [[John Sinclair]], [[Sergej A. Starostin]], [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
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[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
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=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Chen_Shuyi&diff=17826User talk:Chen Shuyi2021-07-26T07:51:58Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 07:51, 26 July 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Westgermanisch&diff=17821Westgermanisch2021-05-21T04:16:50Z<p>Rostin: Reverted edits by Rostin (talk) to last revision by AMyP</p>
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<div>Westgermanisch gehört neben [[Nordgermanisch|Nord]]- und [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] zum [[Indoeuropäisch|indoeuropäischen]] Sprachzweig [[Germanisch|Germanisch]].<br />
<br />
==Überblick==<br />
Erste schriftliche Zeugnisse einer westgermanischen Sprache stammen aus dem 7. Jh. n. Chr., angesiedelt waren die Sprachen in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Heute werden weltweit acht Sprachen westgermanischen Ursprungs gesprochen ([[Englisch|Englisch]], [[Friesisch|Friesisch]], [[Flämisch|Flämisch]], [[Niederländisch|Niederländisch]], [[Afrikaans|Afrikaans]], [[Neuhochdeutsch|Neuhochdeutsch]], [[Niederdeutsch|Niederdeutsch]] -auch [[Plattdeutsch| Plattdeutsch]] genannt, [[Jiddisch|Jiddisch]]). Mindestens neun westgermanische Sprachen und [[Dialekt|Dialekte]] sind ausgestorben bzw. haben sich zu modernen Sprachen entwickelt. (z.B. [[Altenglisch|Altenglisch]], [[Mittelenglisch|Mittelenglisch]], [[Frühneuenglisch|Frühenglisch]], [[Altfriesisch|Altfriesisch]], [[Mittelfriesisch|Mittelfriesisch]], [[Altniederfränkisch|Altniederfränkisch]], [[Altniederdeutsch|Altniederdeutsch]], [[Althochdeutsch|Althochdeutsch]], [[Frühneuhochdeutsch|Frühneuhochdeutsch]]).<br />
<br />
==Vorsprache Germanisch==<br />
<br />
Das Gemeingermanische (auch [[Urgermanisch|Urgermanisch]] genannt) wird erstmals schriftlich um Christi Geburt belegt (vgl. König et al. 2019: 43). Die Abspaltung dieses Germanischen aus dem Indoeuropäischen fand demnach bereits im 1. Jt. v. Chr. statt (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986) und ist damit nur eine [[rekonstruierte Sprache|rekonstruierte Sprache]]. Die strukturellen Veränderungen vom Indoeuropäischen zum Germanischen werden als [[Erste Lautverschiebung|Erste (oder Germanische) Lautverschiebung]] zusammengefasst (u.a. Vokalzusammenfall, Wortakzentwechsel, Ablaute, Kasusreduktion, Dualverlust, verbmorphologische Vereinfachungen). <br />
In der Literatur sind verschiedene interne Systematisierungsvorschläge der germanischen Sprachen zu finden, die Differenzierung ist wegen Dialektbildung und anfänglich wenigen Schriftbelegen umstritten. Archäologischen Befunden zufolge sind fünf germanische Volksstämme klassifizierbar: Nordgermanen, Ostgermanen, Elbgermanen, Weser-Rheingermanen und Nordseegermanen. Für die Sprachen wird jedoch die klassische Dreiteilung [[Nordgermanisch|Nordgermanisch]], [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] und [[Westgermanisch|Westgermanisch]] (auch [[Südgermanisch|Südgermanisch]]) genannt, wobei jedem der Zweige wiederum kleinere Zweige entspringen, siehe unten. (vgl. König et al. 2019: 53)<br />
<br />
==Westgermanische Sprachen==<br />
Der unsicheren Existenz eines rekonstruierten Urwestgermanischen kann eine Einteilung in drei Kulturbünde vorgezogen werden: Ingväonen, Istväonen und Hermionen. Modern und geographisch eindeutiger ist die Klassifikation in Nordseegermanen (Ingväonen), Weser-Rhein-Germanen (Istväonen) und Elbgermanen (Hermionen) (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986). Strukturell gemeinsam und unterscheidend von Nord- und Ostgermanisch haben die westgermanischen Sprachen unter anderem (i) die [[Gemination|Konsonantengemination]] nach /j/ und (ii) den Auslautverlust /-s/ (vgl. König et al 2019: 63). Das Althochdeutsche unterliegt zusätzlich der [[Zweiten Lautverschiebung|Zweiten (oder Deutschen) Lautverschiebung]] im 7./8. Jh. n. Chr.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:germanisch.png]]<br />
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<br />
==Entwicklung der westgermanischen Sprachen==<br />
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=== Altenglisch (700-1100 Jh. n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Die nordseegermanische Sprache ist geprägt durch angelsächsische und romanische Entlehnungen und Einflüsse. Durch die Eroberung Britanniens durch Angelsachsen im 4./5./6. Jh. entstand Altenglisch aus [[Keltisch]] und dem neuen [[Superstrat]] Angelsächsisch (vgl. König 2002). Durch die normannische Eroberung 1066 löste Mittelenglisch Altenglisch ab und wurde ab dem 14. Jh. wiederum von Frühneuenglisch abgelöst. Das moderne Englisch wird ab 1750 als dieses bezeichnet. Die drei alten Sprachstufen des Englischen beinhalteten jeweils Dialekte, die heute ausgestorben sind. Dies sind zum Beispiel die germanischen Dialekte der Angeln, Sachsen und Jüten. Im Zuge der Kolonialisierungen im 19. Jh. verbreitete sich Englisch und wird weltweit auch als eine Grundlage für [[Pidgin|Pidgin-]] und [[Kreolsprache|Kreolsprachen]] verwendet. <br />
Heute nutzen ca. 340 Mio. Menschen Englisch als offizielle Landessprache in Kanada, USA, Australien, Neuseeland und Irland sowie als Verkehrs- und Amtssprache in über 50 Ländern. Hinzu kommen ca. 6 Mio. Zweitsprachler. Zudem ist Englisch die meistgenutzte Sprache der internationalen Kommunikation, der Medien, der Wirtschaft und der politischen Zusammenarbeit (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Altfriesisch (1300-1550 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Erstbelegt im 13. Jh. erwies sich die nordseegermanische Sprache zunächst als eng verwandt mit dem Altenglischen (vgl. Kufner 1972, S.89). Über Mittelfriesisch wurde das moderne Friesisch zur Sprache der Volksstämme der Friesen. Die heutigen Dialekte der Nord-, Ost- und Westfriesen unterscheiden sich stark voneinander. Nordfriesisch wird von ca. 10.000 Menschen an der deutsch-dänischen Grenze und auf Sylt, Amrum, Helgoland und Föhr gesprochen. Ostfriesisch wird von ca. 1000 Menschen im Saterland (Nordrhein-Westfalen) gesprochen und ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem niederdeutschen Ostfriesisch. Westfriesisch wird von ca. 400.000 Menschen im nordniederländischen Friesland gesprochen (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
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=== Altniederfränkisch (1000-1200 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Aus dem weser-rhein-germanischen Altniederfränkisch ist im 12. Jh. das Mittelniederländische hervorgegangen, dieses dauerte bis in das 16. Jh. an und unterlag nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung. Aus dem Mittelniederländischen ist das heute gesprochene Niederländisch hervorgegangen. Niederländisch wird heute vor allem in den Niederlanden, Belgien und Suriname gesprochen. Niederländisch hat ca. 23 Mio. Muttersprachler und ca. 3-4 Mio. Zweitsprachler (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670). Das oft synonym verwendete Holländische ist nur ein Dialekt des Niederländischen und wird im gleichnamigen Gebiet in den Niederlanden gesprochen wird. Flämisch ist ein weiterer Dialekt in Belgien. Afrikaans ist als einzelne Sprache anerkannt und ist eine südafrikanische Tochtersprache des Niederländischen ist. Sie wurde durch Kolonisation eingeführt und hat heute ca. 6 Mio. Sprecher (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670).<br />
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=== Althochdeutsch (850-1050 n. Chr.) ===<br />
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Das Althochdeutsche wandelte sich von ca. 1050-1350 n. Chr. zum Mittelhochdeutschen, dieses wiederum entwickelte sich von 1350-1650 n. Chr. zum Frühneuhochdeutschen und ab ca. 1650 n. Chr. schließlich zum Neuhochdeutschen. Das heute gesprochene Hochdeutsch wird oft noch differenziert in das Oberdeutsche, welches zum Elbgermanischen (Hermionisch) gezählt wird und das [[Mitteldeutsch|Mitteldeutsche]], welches dem Weser-Rhein-Germanischen (Istväonisch) zugehörig ist. <br />
<br />
Hochdeutsch und seine Dialekte werden heute von ca. 105 Mio. Muttersprachlern und ca. 80 Mio. Zweitsprachlern in Deutschland, Österreich, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Südtirol, Elsass und Lothringen und Ostbelgien gesprochen (vgl. Kausen 2002, S.670). Außerdem gibt es Sprecher in Ungarn, Rumänien, Namibia, Togo und Kamerun. Jiddisch ist eine einzelne Sprache mit deutschen Wurzeln und wird mit hebräischen Schriftzeichen geschrieben und ist syntaktisch stark von slawischen Sprachen beeinflusst. Es hat bis zu 1 Mio. Sprecher, die es aber vor allem als Zweitsprache sprechen (vgl. Uni Trier). [[Luxemburgisch]], [[Pennsylvanisch]], [[Zimbrisch]] und [[Bairisch]] sind weitere hochdeutsche Dialekte. Für weitere Dialekte mit geringer Sprecherzahl vgl. Braune (2018).<br />
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=== Altniederdeutsch (auch: Altsächsisch) (ca.850-1000 n.Chr.) ===<br />
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Das Altniederdeutsche ging aus dem Altsächsischen im (900 bis 1000 n. Chr.) hervor und entwickelte sich bis zum 14. und 15. Jh. zunächst zum Mittelniederdeutschen und schließlich zu Niederdeutsch, welches meist als Plattdeutsch bezeichnet wird. Es unterlag wie Altniederfränkisch nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung und wird zu den nordseegermanischen Sprachen gezählt. Das Niederdeutsche ist vor allem im Norden Deutschlands und seinen grenznahen Regionen verbreitet und wird von 5-8 Mio. Menschen gesprochen, vorrangig als Zweitsprache. Zudem finden sich auch in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Mexiko, Brasilien, Paraguay, Russland, Kasachstan und in anderen Ländern niederdeutsche Sprachinseln (vgl. Adler et al. 2016: 6).</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Rostin&diff=17820User:Rostin2021-05-21T03:51:54Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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<div>Hello, I'm the technical editor responsible for the server configuration and such. If you experience technical difficulties please contact me.<br />
<br />
I mainly use this page for testing, so there may be some weird stuff here.</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Westgermanisch&diff=17819Westgermanisch2021-05-21T03:48:25Z<p>Rostin: Removed uploaded test file</p>
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<div>Westgermanisch gehört neben [[Nordgermanisch|Nord]]- und [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] zum [[Indoeuropäisch|indoeuropäischen]] Sprachzweig [[Germanisch|Germanisch]].<br />
<br />
==Überblick==<br />
Erste schriftliche Zeugnisse einer westgermanischen Sprache stammen aus dem 7. Jh. n. Chr., angesiedelt waren die Sprachen in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Heute werden weltweit acht Sprachen westgermanischen Ursprungs gesprochen ([[Englisch|Englisch]], [[Friesisch|Friesisch]], [[Flämisch|Flämisch]], [[Niederländisch|Niederländisch]], [[Afrikaans|Afrikaans]], [[Neuhochdeutsch|Neuhochdeutsch]], [[Niederdeutsch|Niederdeutsch]] -auch [[Plattdeutsch| Plattdeutsch]] genannt, [[Jiddisch|Jiddisch]]). Mindestens neun westgermanische Sprachen und [[Dialekt|Dialekte]] sind ausgestorben bzw. haben sich zu modernen Sprachen entwickelt. (z.B. [[Altenglisch|Altenglisch]], [[Mittelenglisch|Mittelenglisch]], [[Frühneuenglisch|Frühenglisch]], [[Altfriesisch|Altfriesisch]], [[Mittelfriesisch|Mittelfriesisch]], [[Altniederfränkisch|Altniederfränkisch]], [[Altniederdeutsch|Altniederdeutsch]], [[Althochdeutsch|Althochdeutsch]], [[Frühneuhochdeutsch|Frühneuhochdeutsch]]).<br />
<br />
==Vorsprache Germanisch==<br />
Das Gemeingermanische (auch [[Urgermanisch|Urgermanisch]] genannt) wird erstmals schriftlich um Christi Geburt belegt (vgl. König et al. 2019: 43). Die Abspaltung dieses Germanischen aus dem Indoeuropäischen fand demnach bereits im 1. Jt. v. Chr. statt (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986) und ist damit nur eine [[rekonstruierte Sprache|rekonstruierte Sprache]]. Die strukturellen Veränderungen vom Indoeuropäischen zum Germanischen werden als [[Erste Lautverschiebung|Erste (oder Germanische) Lautverschiebung]] zusammengefasst (u.a. Vokalzusammenfall, Wortakzentwechsel, Ablaute, Kasusreduktion, Dualverlust, verbmorphologische Vereinfachungen). <br />
In der Literatur sind verschiedene interne Systematisierungsvorschläge der germanischen Sprachen zu finden, die Differenzierung ist wegen Dialektbildung und anfänglich wenigen Schriftbelegen umstritten. Archäologischen Befunden zufolge sind fünf germanische Volksstämme klassifizierbar: Nordgermanen, Ostgermanen, Elbgermanen, Weser-Rheingermanen und Nordseegermanen. Für die Sprachen wird jedoch die klassische Dreiteilung [[Nordgermanisch|Nordgermanisch]], [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] und [[Westgermanisch|Westgermanisch]] (auch [[Südgermanisch|Südgermanisch]]) genannt, wobei jedem der Zweige wiederum kleinere Zweige entspringen, siehe unten. (vgl. König et al. 2019: 53)<br />
<br />
==Westgermanische Sprachen==<br />
Der unsicheren Existenz eines rekonstruierten Urwestgermanischen kann eine Einteilung in drei Kulturbünde vorgezogen werden: Ingväonen, Istväonen und Hermionen. Modern und geographisch eindeutiger ist die Klassifikation in Nordseegermanen (Ingväonen), Weser-Rhein-Germanen (Istväonen) und Elbgermanen (Hermionen) (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986). Strukturell gemeinsam und unterscheidend von Nord- und Ostgermanisch haben die westgermanischen Sprachen unter anderem (i) die [[Gemination|Konsonantengemination]] nach /j/ und (ii) den Auslautverlust /-s/ (vgl. König et al 2019: 63). Das Althochdeutsche unterliegt zusätzlich der [[Zweiten Lautverschiebung|Zweiten (oder Deutschen) Lautverschiebung]] im 7./8. Jh. n. Chr.<br />
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<br />
[[File:germanisch.png]]<br />
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<br />
==Entwicklung der westgermanischen Sprachen==<br />
<br />
=== Altenglisch (700-1100 Jh. n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Die nordseegermanische Sprache ist geprägt durch angelsächsische und romanische Entlehnungen und Einflüsse. Durch die Eroberung Britanniens durch Angelsachsen im 4./5./6. Jh. entstand Altenglisch aus [[Keltisch]] und dem neuen [[Superstrat]] Angelsächsisch (vgl. König 2002). Durch die normannische Eroberung 1066 löste Mittelenglisch Altenglisch ab und wurde ab dem 14. Jh. wiederum von Frühneuenglisch abgelöst. Das moderne Englisch wird ab 1750 als dieses bezeichnet. Die drei alten Sprachstufen des Englischen beinhalteten jeweils Dialekte, die heute ausgestorben sind. Dies sind zum Beispiel die germanischen Dialekte der Angeln, Sachsen und Jüten. Im Zuge der Kolonialisierungen im 19. Jh. verbreitete sich Englisch und wird weltweit auch als eine Grundlage für [[Pidgin|Pidgin-]] und [[Kreolsprache|Kreolsprachen]] verwendet. <br />
Heute nutzen ca. 340 Mio. Menschen Englisch als offizielle Landessprache in Kanada, USA, Australien, Neuseeland und Irland sowie als Verkehrs- und Amtssprache in über 50 Ländern. Hinzu kommen ca. 6 Mio. Zweitsprachler. Zudem ist Englisch die meistgenutzte Sprache der internationalen Kommunikation, der Medien, der Wirtschaft und der politischen Zusammenarbeit (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
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=== Altfriesisch (1300-1550 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Erstbelegt im 13. Jh. erwies sich die nordseegermanische Sprache zunächst als eng verwandt mit dem Altenglischen (vgl. Kufner 1972, S.89). Über Mittelfriesisch wurde das moderne Friesisch zur Sprache der Volksstämme der Friesen. Die heutigen Dialekte der Nord-, Ost- und Westfriesen unterscheiden sich stark voneinander. Nordfriesisch wird von ca. 10.000 Menschen an der deutsch-dänischen Grenze und auf Sylt, Amrum, Helgoland und Föhr gesprochen. Ostfriesisch wird von ca. 1000 Menschen im Saterland (Nordrhein-Westfalen) gesprochen und ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem niederdeutschen Ostfriesisch. Westfriesisch wird von ca. 400.000 Menschen im nordniederländischen Friesland gesprochen (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
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=== Altniederfränkisch (1000-1200 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Aus dem weser-rhein-germanischen Altniederfränkisch ist im 12. Jh. das Mittelniederländische hervorgegangen, dieses dauerte bis in das 16. Jh. an und unterlag nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung. Aus dem Mittelniederländischen ist das heute gesprochene Niederländisch hervorgegangen. Niederländisch wird heute vor allem in den Niederlanden, Belgien und Suriname gesprochen. Niederländisch hat ca. 23 Mio. Muttersprachler und ca. 3-4 Mio. Zweitsprachler (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670). Das oft synonym verwendete Holländische ist nur ein Dialekt des Niederländischen und wird im gleichnamigen Gebiet in den Niederlanden gesprochen wird. Flämisch ist ein weiterer Dialekt in Belgien. Afrikaans ist als einzelne Sprache anerkannt und ist eine südafrikanische Tochtersprache des Niederländischen ist. Sie wurde durch Kolonisation eingeführt und hat heute ca. 6 Mio. Sprecher (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670).<br />
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=== Althochdeutsch (850-1050 n. Chr.) ===<br />
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Das Althochdeutsche wandelte sich von ca. 1050-1350 n. Chr. zum Mittelhochdeutschen, dieses wiederum entwickelte sich von 1350-1650 n. Chr. zum Frühneuhochdeutschen und ab ca. 1650 n. Chr. schließlich zum Neuhochdeutschen. Das heute gesprochene Hochdeutsch wird oft noch differenziert in das Oberdeutsche, welches zum Elbgermanischen (Hermionisch) gezählt wird und das [[Mitteldeutsch|Mitteldeutsche]], welches dem Weser-Rhein-Germanischen (Istväonisch) zugehörig ist. <br />
<br />
Hochdeutsch und seine Dialekte werden heute von ca. 105 Mio. Muttersprachlern und ca. 80 Mio. Zweitsprachlern in Deutschland, Österreich, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Südtirol, Elsass und Lothringen und Ostbelgien gesprochen (vgl. Kausen 2002, S.670). Außerdem gibt es Sprecher in Ungarn, Rumänien, Namibia, Togo und Kamerun. Jiddisch ist eine einzelne Sprache mit deutschen Wurzeln und wird mit hebräischen Schriftzeichen geschrieben und ist syntaktisch stark von slawischen Sprachen beeinflusst. Es hat bis zu 1 Mio. Sprecher, die es aber vor allem als Zweitsprache sprechen (vgl. Uni Trier). [[Luxemburgisch]], [[Pennsylvanisch]], [[Zimbrisch]] und [[Bairisch]] sind weitere hochdeutsche Dialekte. Für weitere Dialekte mit geringer Sprecherzahl vgl. Braune (2018).<br />
<br />
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=== Altniederdeutsch (auch: Altsächsisch) (ca.850-1000 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Das Altniederdeutsche ging aus dem Altsächsischen im (900 bis 1000 n. Chr.) hervor und entwickelte sich bis zum 14. und 15. Jh. zunächst zum Mittelniederdeutschen und schließlich zu Niederdeutsch, welches meist als Plattdeutsch bezeichnet wird. Es unterlag wie Altniederfränkisch nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung und wird zu den nordseegermanischen Sprachen gezählt. Das Niederdeutsche ist vor allem im Norden Deutschlands und seinen grenznahen Regionen verbreitet und wird von 5-8 Mio. Menschen gesprochen, vorrangig als Zweitsprache. Zudem finden sich auch in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Mexiko, Brasilien, Paraguay, Russland, Kasachstan und in anderen Ländern niederdeutsche Sprachinseln (vgl. Adler et al. 2016: 6).</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Westgermanisch&diff=17818Westgermanisch2021-05-21T03:47:14Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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<div>Westgermanisch gehört neben [[Nordgermanisch|Nord]]- und [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] zum [[Indoeuropäisch|indoeuropäischen]] Sprachzweig [[Germanisch|Germanisch]].<br />
==Uploadtest==<br />
[[File:Krahl.jpg.jpg|thumb|Test]]<br />
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==Überblick==<br />
Erste schriftliche Zeugnisse einer westgermanischen Sprache stammen aus dem 7. Jh. n. Chr., angesiedelt waren die Sprachen in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Heute werden weltweit acht Sprachen westgermanischen Ursprungs gesprochen ([[Englisch|Englisch]], [[Friesisch|Friesisch]], [[Flämisch|Flämisch]], [[Niederländisch|Niederländisch]], [[Afrikaans|Afrikaans]], [[Neuhochdeutsch|Neuhochdeutsch]], [[Niederdeutsch|Niederdeutsch]] -auch [[Plattdeutsch| Plattdeutsch]] genannt, [[Jiddisch|Jiddisch]]). Mindestens neun westgermanische Sprachen und [[Dialekt|Dialekte]] sind ausgestorben bzw. haben sich zu modernen Sprachen entwickelt. (z.B. [[Altenglisch|Altenglisch]], [[Mittelenglisch|Mittelenglisch]], [[Frühneuenglisch|Frühenglisch]], [[Altfriesisch|Altfriesisch]], [[Mittelfriesisch|Mittelfriesisch]], [[Altniederfränkisch|Altniederfränkisch]], [[Altniederdeutsch|Altniederdeutsch]], [[Althochdeutsch|Althochdeutsch]], [[Frühneuhochdeutsch|Frühneuhochdeutsch]]).<br />
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==Vorsprache Germanisch==<br />
<br />
Das Gemeingermanische (auch [[Urgermanisch|Urgermanisch]] genannt) wird erstmals schriftlich um Christi Geburt belegt (vgl. König et al. 2019: 43). Die Abspaltung dieses Germanischen aus dem Indoeuropäischen fand demnach bereits im 1. Jt. v. Chr. statt (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986) und ist damit nur eine [[rekonstruierte Sprache|rekonstruierte Sprache]]. Die strukturellen Veränderungen vom Indoeuropäischen zum Germanischen werden als [[Erste Lautverschiebung|Erste (oder Germanische) Lautverschiebung]] zusammengefasst (u.a. Vokalzusammenfall, Wortakzentwechsel, Ablaute, Kasusreduktion, Dualverlust, verbmorphologische Vereinfachungen). <br />
In der Literatur sind verschiedene interne Systematisierungsvorschläge der germanischen Sprachen zu finden, die Differenzierung ist wegen Dialektbildung und anfänglich wenigen Schriftbelegen umstritten. Archäologischen Befunden zufolge sind fünf germanische Volksstämme klassifizierbar: Nordgermanen, Ostgermanen, Elbgermanen, Weser-Rheingermanen und Nordseegermanen. Für die Sprachen wird jedoch die klassische Dreiteilung [[Nordgermanisch|Nordgermanisch]], [[Ostgermanisch|Ostgermanisch]] und [[Westgermanisch|Westgermanisch]] (auch [[Südgermanisch|Südgermanisch]]) genannt, wobei jedem der Zweige wiederum kleinere Zweige entspringen, siehe unten. (vgl. König et al. 2019: 53)<br />
<br />
==Westgermanische Sprachen==<br />
Der unsicheren Existenz eines rekonstruierten Urwestgermanischen kann eine Einteilung in drei Kulturbünde vorgezogen werden: Ingväonen, Istväonen und Hermionen. Modern und geographisch eindeutiger ist die Klassifikation in Nordseegermanen (Ingväonen), Weser-Rhein-Germanen (Istväonen) und Elbgermanen (Hermionen) (vgl. Brogyanyi 1986). Strukturell gemeinsam und unterscheidend von Nord- und Ostgermanisch haben die westgermanischen Sprachen unter anderem (i) die [[Gemination|Konsonantengemination]] nach /j/ und (ii) den Auslautverlust /-s/ (vgl. König et al 2019: 63). Das Althochdeutsche unterliegt zusätzlich der [[Zweiten Lautverschiebung|Zweiten (oder Deutschen) Lautverschiebung]] im 7./8. Jh. n. Chr.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:germanisch.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Entwicklung der westgermanischen Sprachen==<br />
<br />
=== Altenglisch (700-1100 Jh. n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Die nordseegermanische Sprache ist geprägt durch angelsächsische und romanische Entlehnungen und Einflüsse. Durch die Eroberung Britanniens durch Angelsachsen im 4./5./6. Jh. entstand Altenglisch aus [[Keltisch]] und dem neuen [[Superstrat]] Angelsächsisch (vgl. König 2002). Durch die normannische Eroberung 1066 löste Mittelenglisch Altenglisch ab und wurde ab dem 14. Jh. wiederum von Frühneuenglisch abgelöst. Das moderne Englisch wird ab 1750 als dieses bezeichnet. Die drei alten Sprachstufen des Englischen beinhalteten jeweils Dialekte, die heute ausgestorben sind. Dies sind zum Beispiel die germanischen Dialekte der Angeln, Sachsen und Jüten. Im Zuge der Kolonialisierungen im 19. Jh. verbreitete sich Englisch und wird weltweit auch als eine Grundlage für [[Pidgin|Pidgin-]] und [[Kreolsprache|Kreolsprachen]] verwendet. <br />
Heute nutzen ca. 340 Mio. Menschen Englisch als offizielle Landessprache in Kanada, USA, Australien, Neuseeland und Irland sowie als Verkehrs- und Amtssprache in über 50 Ländern. Hinzu kommen ca. 6 Mio. Zweitsprachler. Zudem ist Englisch die meistgenutzte Sprache der internationalen Kommunikation, der Medien, der Wirtschaft und der politischen Zusammenarbeit (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Altfriesisch (1300-1550 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Erstbelegt im 13. Jh. erwies sich die nordseegermanische Sprache zunächst als eng verwandt mit dem Altenglischen (vgl. Kufner 1972, S.89). Über Mittelfriesisch wurde das moderne Friesisch zur Sprache der Volksstämme der Friesen. Die heutigen Dialekte der Nord-, Ost- und Westfriesen unterscheiden sich stark voneinander. Nordfriesisch wird von ca. 10.000 Menschen an der deutsch-dänischen Grenze und auf Sylt, Amrum, Helgoland und Föhr gesprochen. Ostfriesisch wird von ca. 1000 Menschen im Saterland (Nordrhein-Westfalen) gesprochen und ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem niederdeutschen Ostfriesisch. Westfriesisch wird von ca. 400.000 Menschen im nordniederländischen Friesland gesprochen (vgl. König 2002). <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Altniederfränkisch (1000-1200 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Aus dem weser-rhein-germanischen Altniederfränkisch ist im 12. Jh. das Mittelniederländische hervorgegangen, dieses dauerte bis in das 16. Jh. an und unterlag nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung. Aus dem Mittelniederländischen ist das heute gesprochene Niederländisch hervorgegangen. Niederländisch wird heute vor allem in den Niederlanden, Belgien und Suriname gesprochen. Niederländisch hat ca. 23 Mio. Muttersprachler und ca. 3-4 Mio. Zweitsprachler (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670). Das oft synonym verwendete Holländische ist nur ein Dialekt des Niederländischen und wird im gleichnamigen Gebiet in den Niederlanden gesprochen wird. Flämisch ist ein weiterer Dialekt in Belgien. Afrikaans ist als einzelne Sprache anerkannt und ist eine südafrikanische Tochtersprache des Niederländischen ist. Sie wurde durch Kolonisation eingeführt und hat heute ca. 6 Mio. Sprecher (vgl. Kausen 2002: 670).<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Althochdeutsch (850-1050 n. Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Das Althochdeutsche wandelte sich von ca. 1050-1350 n. Chr. zum Mittelhochdeutschen, dieses wiederum entwickelte sich von 1350-1650 n. Chr. zum Frühneuhochdeutschen und ab ca. 1650 n. Chr. schließlich zum Neuhochdeutschen. Das heute gesprochene Hochdeutsch wird oft noch differenziert in das Oberdeutsche, welches zum Elbgermanischen (Hermionisch) gezählt wird und das [[Mitteldeutsch|Mitteldeutsche]], welches dem Weser-Rhein-Germanischen (Istväonisch) zugehörig ist. <br />
<br />
Hochdeutsch und seine Dialekte werden heute von ca. 105 Mio. Muttersprachlern und ca. 80 Mio. Zweitsprachlern in Deutschland, Österreich, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Südtirol, Elsass und Lothringen und Ostbelgien gesprochen (vgl. Kausen 2002, S.670). Außerdem gibt es Sprecher in Ungarn, Rumänien, Namibia, Togo und Kamerun. Jiddisch ist eine einzelne Sprache mit deutschen Wurzeln und wird mit hebräischen Schriftzeichen geschrieben und ist syntaktisch stark von slawischen Sprachen beeinflusst. Es hat bis zu 1 Mio. Sprecher, die es aber vor allem als Zweitsprache sprechen (vgl. Uni Trier). [[Luxemburgisch]], [[Pennsylvanisch]], [[Zimbrisch]] und [[Bairisch]] sind weitere hochdeutsche Dialekte. Für weitere Dialekte mit geringer Sprecherzahl vgl. Braune (2018).<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Altniederdeutsch (auch: Altsächsisch) (ca.850-1000 n.Chr.) ===<br />
<br />
Das Altniederdeutsche ging aus dem Altsächsischen im (900 bis 1000 n. Chr.) hervor und entwickelte sich bis zum 14. und 15. Jh. zunächst zum Mittelniederdeutschen und schließlich zu Niederdeutsch, welches meist als Plattdeutsch bezeichnet wird. Es unterlag wie Altniederfränkisch nicht der Zweiten Lautverschiebung und wird zu den nordseegermanischen Sprachen gezählt. Das Niederdeutsche ist vor allem im Norden Deutschlands und seinen grenznahen Regionen verbreitet und wird von 5-8 Mio. Menschen gesprochen, vorrangig als Zweitsprache. Zudem finden sich auch in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Mexiko, Brasilien, Paraguay, Russland, Kasachstan und in anderen Ländern niederdeutsche Sprachinseln (vgl. Adler et al. 2016: 6).</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=File:Krahl.jpg.jpg&diff=17817File:Krahl.jpg.jpg2021-05-21T03:46:19Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alexander Krahl</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Rostin&diff=17815User:Rostin2021-05-21T03:28:41Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Editing works, yay!<br />
Test</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Saravecchiato&diff=17813User talk:Saravecchiato2021-05-18T16:50:19Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 16:50, 18 May 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Ebrar_Nawel&diff=17810User talk:Ebrar Nawel2021-04-26T12:28:36Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 12:28, 26 April 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Ding.W&diff=17737User talk:Ding.W2021-02-25T12:51:32Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 12:51, 25 February 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Ikirby&diff=17690User talk:Ikirby2021-02-07T20:28:33Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{{subst:hello}}"</p>
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Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Rostin|Rostin]] ([[User talk:Rostin|talk]]) 20:28, 7 February 2021 (UTC)</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17664Main Page2020-11-02T00:15:58Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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<div {{Greenbox2}}>'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The [http://glottoneu.uni-trier.de old version of Glottopedia] will still be available for an indeterminate amount of time, but it will not be editable any longer. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.<br />
<br/>'''We ask you to keep a copy of your edits/created pages until we are sure this new version of Mediawiki runs smoothly.'''<br />
</div><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17662Main Page2020-09-28T02:09:21Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<div {{Greenbox2}}>'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The [http://glottoneu.uni-trier.de old version of Glottopedia] will still be available for an indeterminate amount of time, but it will not be editable any longer. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.<br />
<br/>'''We ask you to keep a copy of your edits/created pages until we are sure this new version of Mediawiki runs smoothly.'''<br />
</div><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17661Main Page2020-09-28T02:08:45Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<div {{Greenbox2}}>'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The [http://www.glottoneu.uni-trier.de old version of Glottopedia] will still be available for an indeterminate amount of time, but it will not be editable any longer. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.<br />
<br/>'''We ask you to keep a copy of your edits/created pages until we are sure this new version of Mediawiki runs smoothly.'''<br />
</div><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17660Main Page2020-09-28T02:08:18Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<div {{Greenbox2}}>'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The [glottoneu.uni-trier.de old version of Glottopedia] will still be available for an indeterminate amount of time, but it will not be editable any longer. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.<br />
<br/>'''We ask you to keep a copy of your edits/created pages until we are sure this new version of Mediawiki runs smoothly.'''<br />
</div><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Portal:Computational_Linguistics&diff=17658Portal:Computational Linguistics2020-09-24T15:53:13Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#DB2E24;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal presents the most central topics in Computational Linguistics. </div><br />
|-<br />
<br />
{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"<br />
|-<br />
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
=='''Spell Checking'''==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
== '''Language Analysis''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Natural Language Generation''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
| style="vertical-align:top;" |<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
=='''Multilinguality''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Question Answering''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Text Data Mining''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Topic Detection''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Information Extraction''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Information Extraction is a text data mining subfield. It belongs in the Text Analytics family of tools<br />
where unstructured text is automatically analyzed for the recognition and extraction of named entities, facts, events, and structured relationships between any of the above. <br />
Popular commercial Information Extraction software includes SRA's NetOwl, Inxight's (now SAP) ThingFinder, and ClearForest's (now Reuters) Calais. <br />
The current benchmarks set the standard pretty high. Information Extraction software is expected to perform certain (traditionally "hard") NLP tasks such as anaphoric coreference resolution and word sense disambiguation. <br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Information Retrieval''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Summarization''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Multimodality''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Mathematical Methods''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Language Resources''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Evaluation''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==<br />
</div><br />
Journals: [[Cognition]]&nbsp;, [[ Computational Linguistics]]&nbsp;, [[Information Retrieval]]&nbsp; [[Research on Language and Computation]]&nbsp;, [[Journal of Logic and Computation]]&nbsp;, [[Journal of Logic, Language and Information]]&nbsp;, [[Natural Language Engineering]]&nbsp;, [[Machine Translation]]<br><br />
Conferences: [http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~radev/newacl/conferences.html ACL]&nbsp;, [[COLING]]&nbsp;, [[EACL]]&nbsp;, [[HLT]]&nbsp;, [[NAACL]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== ''' Associations''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[http://www.aclweb.org/ ACL (Association for Computational Linguistics)]<br><br />
[http://eacl.coli.uni-saarland.de/ EACL (European Chapter of the ACL)]<br><br />
[http://www.acm.org/ ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)]<br><br />
[http://www.eamt.org/ EAMT (European Association for Machine Translation)]<br><br />
[http://www.elra.info/ ELRA (European Language Resources Association)]<br><br />
[http://www.elsnet.org/ ELSNET (European Network in Language and Speech)]<br><br />
[http://www.euralex.org/ EURALEX (European Association for Lexicography)]<br><br />
[http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/ LDC (Linguistic Data Consortium)]<br><br />
[http://www.saltforum.org/ SALT (Speech and Language Technology, United Kingdom)]<br><br />
[http://www.tei-c.org/ TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)]<br><br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
|}<br />
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal is maintained by [[Jürgen Wedekind]]. Please use the discussions tab or<br />
[mailto:juergen@cst.dk Email]<br />
<br />
to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Portal|Computational Linguistics]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Rostin&diff=17657User:Rostin2020-09-24T04:35:25Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Editing works, yay!</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17656Main Page2020-09-23T02:43:44Z<p>Rostin: </p>
<hr />
<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The old version of Glottopedia will still be available for an unknown amount of time, but not editable. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de. (URL will be available here once we know what it is)<br />
<br/>Some minor tweaks are still necessary and will be completed shortly.<br />
<br/>'''We ask you to keep a copy of your edits/created pages until we are sure this new version of Mediawiki runs smoothly.'''<br />
</p><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editors'': [[User:Bibiko|Hans-Jörg Bibiko]], [[User:Goetz.burger|Götz Burger]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=17655Main Page2020-09-23T02:05:43Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Update information (17th September 2020):''' The update to the newest version of Mediawiki has been completed. <br />
<br/>During the process 168 users without an ID in the database have been deleted, this should not cause any problems since users without IDs aren't activated accounts and as such can't edit the wiki. If you experience problems with your user account please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
<br/>It appears that no data was lost during transfer, except for one page that has been recovered. The old version of Glottopedia will still be available for an unknown amount of time (URL will be available here once we know what it will be), but not editable. If you find any pages that are missing in this updated version please contact glottopedia[at]uni-trier.de.<br />
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</p><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
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[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editors'': [[User:Bibiko|Hans-Jörg Bibiko]], [[User:Goetz.burger|Götz Burger]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|欢迎,新来者]]<br />
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]<br />
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Portal:Computational_Linguistics&diff=17654Portal:Computational Linguistics2020-09-23T01:39:46Z<p>Rostin: Created page with "{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10" |- | valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" | <div style="..."</p>
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<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div><br />
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]] <br />
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=='''Fundamental Issues'''==<br />
</div><br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[history of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[law]]&nbsp;– [[theory]]&nbsp;– [[explanation in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[unit]]&nbsp;– [[property]]&nbsp;– [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Frequency (Quantitative_linguistics)]]&nbsp;– [[distribution]]&nbsp;– [[system]]&nbsp;– [[structure]]&nbsp;– [[function]]&nbsp;– [[process]]&nbsp;– [[polysemy]]&nbsp;– [[polytextuality]]&nbsp;– [[Ngram frequency]]&nbsp;– [[syntactic complexity]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Models and Methods''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[diversification processes]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[analogical modeling]]&nbsp;– [[power laws in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[synergetic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[linguistic economy]]&nbsp;– <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
| style="vertical-align:top;" |<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[Zipf's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]]&nbsp;– [[Piotrowski Law]]&nbsp;– [[Bradford's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Arens' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Behaghel's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Beöthy's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[DeMorgan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Frumkina's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Mizutani's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Gibbs' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Herdan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Kabashima's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Krylov's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Lotka's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Martin's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Ohno's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[Shibuya's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Yule's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Fields of Application''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[natural language processing]]&nbsp;– [[machine learning]]&nbsp;– [[probabilistic parsing]]&nbsp;– [[speech processing]]&nbsp;– [[neurolinguistics]]&nbsp;– [[computer assisted learning]]&nbsp;– [[text comprehensibility]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[text to speech]]&nbsp;– [[analysis of writing systems]]&nbsp;– [[terminology]]&nbsp;– [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[text technology]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==<br />
</div><br />
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;- [[Glottometrics]] <br />
<br />
Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[Bibliographien]]&nbsp;– [[links]]&nbsp;– [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[QUALICO conference]]&nbsp;– [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Biographical Articles''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Hans Arens]]&nbsp;- [[Adolf Lucas Bacmeister]]&nbsp;- [[Siegfried Behn (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Anton Semënovič Budilovič]]&nbsp;- [[Viktor Jakovlevič Bunjakovskij]]&nbsp;- [[Sergej Grigor'evič Čebanov]]&nbsp;- [[Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij]]&nbsp;- [[Jan Czekanowski]]&nbsp;- [[Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann]]&nbsp;- [[Georg von der Gabelentz]]&nbsp;- [[Georg Philipp Harsdörffer]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Jean Paul]]&nbsp;- [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;- [[Karl Knauer (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Reinhard Köhler]]&nbsp;- [[Jiří Krámský]]&nbsp;- [[Dmitrij Nikolaevič Kudrjavskij]]&nbsp;- [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&nbsp;- [[Wincenty Lutosławski]]&nbsp;- [[Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]]&nbsp;- [[Helmut Meier]]&nbsp;- [[August Friedrich Pott]]&nbsp;- [[August Schleicher]]&nbsp;- [[Albert Thumb (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Bohumil Trnka]]&nbsp; <div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== ''' Associations''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]<br />
<br />
[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
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<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or<br />
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]<br />
<br />
to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]<br />
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics|!]]</div>Rostinhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Rostin&diff=17653User:Rostin2020-09-13T23:31:15Z<p>Rostin: </p>
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