http://glottopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Avizzardhy 2026-05-02T12:32:37Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.34.2 http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19010 2024-06-09T13:56:03Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense [[words]] &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist, Dimitri Uznadze, in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist, Wolfgang Köhler, in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek ''et al.''&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]]. The same study also found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes (&quot;bouba&quot;) while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes (&quot;kiki&quot;). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes&lt;ref&gt;Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. &quot;Tasting shapes and words.&quot; Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=19007 2024-06-09T13:20:12Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam [[linguistik]], leksem adalah unit dasar dari [[leksikon]] atau [[kosa kata]] suatu [[bahasa]]. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah [[kata]] dan dapat disebut juga sebagai [[unit leksikal]], [[item leksikal]], atau [[kata leksikal]]. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus (Nordquist, 2019)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk [[fonetis]] dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Menurut Kridalaksana (2005), leksem berbeda dengan kata dan [[morfem]]. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk&lt;ref&gt;Kridalaksana, H. 2005. &quot;Leksikon&quot; dalam Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kridalaksana, H. 2005. &quot;Leksikon&quot; dalam Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=19006 2024-06-09T13:19:46Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam [[linguistik]], leksem adalah unit dasar dari [[leksikon]] atau [[kosa kata]] suatu [[bahasa]]. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah [[kata]] dan dapat disebut juga sebagai [[unit leksikal]], [[item leksikal]], atau [[kata leksikal]]. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus (Nordquist, 2019)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk [[fonetis]] dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Menurut Kridalaksana (2005), leksem berbeda dengan kata dan [[morfem]]. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk&lt;ref&gt;Kridalaksana, H. 2005. Leksikon dalam Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kridalaksana, H. 2005. Leksikon dalam Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=19005 2024-06-09T13:19:05Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam [[linguistik]], leksem adalah unit dasar dari [[leksikon]] atau [[kosa kata]] suatu [[bahasa]]. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah [[kata]] dan dapat disebut juga sebagai [[unit leksikal]], [[item leksikal]], atau [[kata leksikal]]. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus (Nordquist, 2019)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk [[fonetis]] dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Menurut Kridalaksana (2005), leksem berbeda dengan kata dan [[morfem]]. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk&lt;ref&gt;Kridalaksana, H. 2005. Leksikon dalam Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19004 2024-06-09T13:16:12Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense [[words]] &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek ''et al.''&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes (&quot;bouba&quot;) while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes (&quot;kiki&quot;). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes&lt;ref&gt;Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. &quot;Tasting shapes and words.&quot; Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19003 2024-06-09T13:15:33Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense [[words]] &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes (&quot;bouba&quot;) while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes (&quot;kiki&quot;). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes&lt;ref&gt;Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. &quot;Tasting shapes and words.&quot; Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18995 2024-06-09T12:51:52Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes (&quot;bouba&quot;) while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes (&quot;kiki&quot;). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes&lt;ref&gt;Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. &quot;Tasting shapes and words.&quot; Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18993 2024-06-09T12:37:36Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18992 2024-06-09T12:35:48Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)&lt;ref&gt;Uznadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.<br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18990 2024-06-09T12:31:01Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> ''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment&lt;ref&gt;Usnadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.<br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18989 2024-06-09T12:28:40Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam [[linguistik]], leksem adalah unit dasar dari [[leksikon]] atau kosa kata suatu bahasa. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah kata dan dapat disebut juga sebagai [[unit leksikal]], [[item leksikal]], atau [[kata leksikal]]. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner &lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk [[fonetis]] dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Leksem berbeda dengan kata dan [[morfem]]. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk &lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18988 2024-06-09T12:26:36Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam linguistik, leksem adalah unit dasar dari leksikon atau kosa kata suatu bahasa. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah kata dan dapat disebut juga sebagai unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner &lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk fonetis dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Leksem berbeda dengan kata dan morfem. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk &lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18987 2024-06-09T12:23:35Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment&lt;ref&gt;Usnadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language, as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated the bouba/kiki effect across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> The same study found that the bouba/kiki effect did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might overrtide the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like &quot;bouba&quot;, but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.<br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18985 2024-06-09T11:57:21Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment&lt;ref&gt;Usnadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. This phenomenon then was further explored by Werner. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language, as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A study in 2022&lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; investigated the bouba/kiki effect across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan&diff=18983 2024-06-09T09:56:25Z

<p>Avizzardhy: /* Division of labor */</p> <hr /> <div>==Requirements:==<br /> <br /> * minimum 2000 to 2500 bytes of article content<br /> * properly formatted<br /> * properly sourced (books and online)<br /> * no copyright issues<br /> * correct definitions<br /> * proper language<br /> <br /> ==Division of labor==<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~ : [[Lemma]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> [[User:MZnursardi|MZnursardi]] ([[User talk:MZnursardi|talk]]) : [[Bahasa Perantara]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Marva|Marva]] ([[User talk:Marva|talk]]) : [[Basa Walikan]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Szasa|Szasa]] ([[User talk:Szasa|talk]]) : [[Denglisch]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Anestyanh|Anestyanh]] ([[User talk:Anestyanh|talk]]) : [[Antonimi]]<br /> <br /> [[User:HansJonathanAM|HansJonathanAM]] ([[User talk:HansJonathanAM|talk]]) : [[Hiponim]], [[Hipernim]], [[Hiponimi]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) : [[Leksem]], [[Bouba/Kiki Effect]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Asyaasyrd|Asyaasyrd]] ([[User talk:Asyaasyrd|talk]]) [[Dactyl]]<br /> <br /> [[User:AnnisaZA|AnnisaZA]] ([[User talk:AnnisaZA|talk]]) : [[Root Word]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Safira|Safira]] ([[User talk:Safira|talk]]) [[Stylistics]] , [[Theolinguistics]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Adli.Rifqi|Adli.Rifqi]] ([[User talk:Adli.Rifqi|talk]]) : [[Apocope]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Tangkeallo|Tangkeallo]] ([[User talk:Tangkeallo|talk]]) : [[Implikatur]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Eliyunint|Eliyunint]] ([[User talk:Eliyunint|talk]]) : [[Slang]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Taskyazahr|Taskyazahr]] ([[User talk:Taskyazahr|talk]]) : [[Homofon]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Zahirah|Zahirah]] ([[User talk:Zahirah|talk]]) [[Fonem]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Vincent|Vincent]] ([[User talk:Vincent|talk]]) : [[Indonesian Language Change]]<br /> <br /> [[User: Salwaa|Salwaa]] ([[User talk: Salwaa|talk]]) : [[Collocation]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Brigittaaemilia|Brigittaaemilia]] ([[User talk:Brigittaaemilia|talk]]) : [[Deiksis]]<br /> <br /> [[User:BangkitP|BangkitP]] ([[User talk:BangkitP|talk]]) : [[Maksim Percakapan]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Billy|Billy]] ([[User talk:Billy|talk]]) : [[Metonimia]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Ulisng|Ulisng]] ([[User talk:Ulisng|talk]]) : [[Morfem]]<br /> <br /> [[User:AriefL|AriefL]] ([[User talk:AriefL|talk]]) : [[Directive]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Aurora1823|Aurora1823]] ([[User talk:Aurora1823|talk]]) : [[Singaporean English]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Savio123|Savio123]] ([[User talk:Savio123|talk]]) : [[Illocution]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Putmir|Putmir]] ([[User talk:Putmir|talk]]) : [[Dialect]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Nathasa|Nathasa]] ([[User talk:Nathasa|talk]]) : [[Hedge]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Saphirar|Saphirar]] ([[User talk:Saphirar|talk]]) : [[Protasis]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Haritsfatih27|Haritsfatih27]] ([[User talk:Haritsfatih27|talk]]) : [[Sociophonetic]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Andynsaffa|Andynsaffa]] ([[User talk:Andynsaffa|talk]]) : [[Conceptual Metaphors]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Terran|Terran]] ([[User talk:Terran|talk]]) : [[Punctuation]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Paulinearl|Paulinearl]] ([[User talk:Paulinearl|talk]]) : [[System Requirement]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Putkhairr|Putkhairr]] ([[User talk:Putkhairr|talk]]) : [[Innovation]]<br /> <br /> [[User:SantosoDannika|SantosoDannika]] ([[User talk:SantosoDannika|talk]]) : [[Frasa]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Saphirar|Saphirar]] ([[User talk:Saphirar|talk]]) : [[Commissive]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Tebeedimas|Tebeedimas]] ([[User talk:Tebeedimas|talk]]) : [[Jost Winteler]]</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18982 2024-06-09T08:56:23Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment&lt;ref&gt;Usnadze, Dimitri. &quot;Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung.&quot; Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.&lt;/ref&gt;. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape &lt;ref&gt; Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. &lt;/ref&gt;. This phenomenon then was further explored by Werner. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language, as it implies that there may be natural constraints on the ways in which sounds are mapped on to objects &lt;ref&gt; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. &quot;Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language.&quot; Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. &lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A research in 2021 &lt;ref&gt;Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. &quot;The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems.&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.&lt;/ref&gt; experimenting the phenomenon in 25 languages, representing nine language families and 10 writing systems, shows that there are strong consistent effect of the phenomenon across the languages.<br /> <br /> === References ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18981 2024-06-09T08:17:20Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A research in 2021 experimenting the phenomenon in 25 languages, representing nine language families and 10 writing systems, shows that there are strong consistent effect of the phenomenon across the languages.</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18978 2024-06-09T07:33:35Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words &quot;bouba&quot; with a round shape and &quot;kiki&quot; with a spiky shape in systematic ways.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language.<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> A research in 2021 experimenting the phenomenon in 25 languages, representing nine language families and 10 writing systems, shows that there are strong effect of the phenomenon across the languages.</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18976 2024-06-09T07:21:10Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words ''bouba'' with a round shape and ''kiki'' with a spiky shape in systematic ways.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape. &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words &quot;bouba&quot; and &quot;kiki.&quot; They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language.<br /> <br /> === Examples ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18975 2024-06-09T07:09:49Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words ''bouba'' with a round shape and ''kiki'' with a spiky shape in systematic ways.<br /> Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words &quot;baluba&quot; and &quot;takete&quot;, which were subsequently changed to &quot;maluma&quot; and &quot;takete.&quot; Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating &quot;maluma&quot; with a rounded shape, while &quot;takete&quot; with a jagged shape.<br /> <br /> === Examples ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18834 2024-06-05T17:51:39Z

<p>Avizzardhy: Created page with &quot;== Bouba/Kiki Effect == The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in asso...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==<br /> The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words ''bouba'' with a round shape and ''kiki'' with a spiky shape in systematic ways.<br /> Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor articulations are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> <br /> === Examples ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:Bahasa_perantara&diff=18631 2024-05-29T16:07:02Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>I suggest adding bulletin points of numbered points for the reference page. Other than that this is a very good article[[User:Zahirah|Zahirah]] ([[User talk:Zahirah|talk]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Hai, Mardha! Tulisan kamu bagus dan mudah dimengerti karena banyak contoh. Akan tetapi, saya sedikit penasaran, kenapa di bagian 'Bahasa Indonesia' ada kata 'Bahasa Indonesia' yang di-''italic'' dan ada yang tidak? Apakah terdapat penekanan tertentu? Mungkin itu saja yang saya komentari, semangat!--[[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) 16:07, 29 May 2024 (UTC)</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:Slang&diff=18625 2024-05-29T15:59:58Z

<p>Avizzardhy: Created page with &quot;Hi, El! So far so good, I definitely understand the information in your wiki page. I do have some minor suggestions about some phrasings. &quot;The term of slang derived from 'Jarg...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Hi, El! So far so good, I definitely understand the information in your wiki page. I do have some minor suggestions about some phrasings. &quot;The term of slang derived from 'Jargon' which is France word for 'unintelligible talk'.&quot; maybe you could reform it to &quot;The term ''slang'' derived from &quot;jargon&quot; which is a French word for unintelligible talk.&quot;, because 'France' refers to the country, while 'French' refers to the language. Also, I do think some spacings are too wide in the definition part, maybe you could change that too. That'll be all from me, ''toi toi toi''!--[[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2024 (UTC)</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18442 2024-05-21T14:11:23Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam linguistik, leksem (unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal) adalah unit dasar dari leksikon atau kosa kata suatu bahasa. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah kata dan dapat disebut juga sebagai unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri dan Perbedaan ===<br /> Menurut Löbner &lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk fonetis dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> Leksem berbeda dengan kata dan morfem. Kata adalah leksem, baik tunggal maupun gabungan, yang telah melalui proses morfologis (derivasi, afiksasi, dll). Morfem adalah satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk &lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18441 2024-05-21T14:00:19Z

<p>Avizzardhy: Added examples.</p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam linguistik, leksem (unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal) adalah unit dasar dari leksikon atau kosa kata suatu bahasa. Leksem berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah kata dan dapat disebut juga sebagai unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata utama (''headword'') dalam sebuah kamus &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri ===<br /> Menurut Löbner &lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk fonetis dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> # Dalam bahasa Indonesia: kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> # Dalam bahasa Inggris: kata ''turning'' berasal dari leksem ''turn'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''-ing'', sehingga kata ''turning'' terdiri dari morfem dasar ''turn'' dan morfem afiks ''-ing''.<br /> <br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18439 2024-05-21T13:19:50Z

<p>Avizzardhy: /* Leksem */ added other definitions and specifications.</p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> <br /> === Definisi ===<br /> Dalam linguistik, leksem (unit leksikal, item leksikal, atau kata leksikal) adalah unit dasar dari leksikon atau kosa kata suatu bahasa. Leksem, yang juga disebut sebagai unit terkecil sebuah leksikon, berperan sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembentukan sebuah kata&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/lexeme-words-term-1691225 Nordquist, R. (2019). lexeme (words) Definition, Etymology and Examples. ThoughtCo.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Menurut KBBI, leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> === Ciri-ciri ===<br /> Menurut Löbner &lt;ref&gt;Löbner, S. (2014). Understanding semantics. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;, leksem tunggal dan gabungan dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri berikut:<br /> # Bentuk fonetis dan ejaannya berdasarkan standar penulisan;<br /> # Kategori tata bahasa leksem (kata benda, kata kerja, dll.);<br /> # Sifat tata bahasa yang melekat pada leksem (contohnya gender dalam beberapa bahasa);<br /> # Aturan tata bahasa yang mungkin digunakan, khususnya bentuk tidak teratur (''irregular form'');<br /> # Makna leksikalnya.<br /> <br /> === Contoh ===<br /> Leksem merupakan konsep dasar dari leksikografi. Leksem yang melalui proses morfologis, baik leksem tunggal maupun gabungan leksem, akan berubah menjadi kata. Contohnya adalah kata ''berjuang'' yang berasal dari leksem ''juang'' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi ''ber-'', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks ''ber-'' dan morfem dasar ''juang''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18432 2024-05-21T11:18:13Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> Leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt; dan merupakan konsep dasar dari leksikografi&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> <br /> Leksem yang melalui proses morfologis, baik leksem tunggal maupun gabungan leksem, akan berubah menjadi kata. Berbeda dengan morfem yang merupakan satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk. Contohnya adalah kata '''berjuang''' yang berasal dari leksem '''juang''' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi '''ber-''', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks '''ber-''' dan morfem dasar '''juang'''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18270 2024-05-09T02:50:25Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> Leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt; dan merupakan konsep dasar dari leksikografi&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> <br /> Leksem yang melalui proses morfologis, baik leksem tunggal maupun gabungan leksem, akan berubah menjadi kata. Berbeda dengan morfem yang merupakan satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk. Contohnya adalah kata '''berjuang''' yang berasal dari leksem '''juang''' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi '''ber-''', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks '''ber-''' dan morfem dasar '''juang'''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leksem&diff=18269 2024-05-09T02:49:00Z

<p>Avizzardhy: Created page with &quot;== '''Leksem''' == Leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kb...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== '''Leksem''' ==<br /> Leksem adalah satuan leksikal dasar yang abstrak yang mendasari pelbagai bentuk kata&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt;. Leksem juga dapat diartikan sebagai satuan terkecil dalam leksikon; lema&lt;ref&gt;leksem. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 6 Mei 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/Entri/leksem&lt;/ref&gt; dan merupakan konsep dasar dari leksikografi&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> <br /> Leksem yang melalui proses morfologis, baik leksem tunggal maupun gabungan leksem, akan berubah menjadi kata. Berbeda dengan morfem yang merupakan satuan yang terwujud setelah kata terbentuk. Contohnya adalah kata '''berjuang''' yang berasal dari leksem '''juang''' dan sudah mengalami penambahan afiksasi '''ber-''', sehingga kata berjuang terdiri dari morfem afiks '''ber-''' dan morfem dasar '''juang'''&lt;ref&gt;Kushartanti, dkk. (ed). 2005. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Referensi ===</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan&diff=18113 2024-04-25T08:29:05Z

<p>Avizzardhy: /* Division of labor */</p> <hr /> <div>==Requirements:==<br /> <br /> * 2000 to 2500 bytes of article name space content<br /> * properly formatted<br /> * properly sourced (books and online)<br /> * no copyright issues<br /> * correct definitions<br /> * proper language<br /> <br /> ==Division of labor==<br /> <br /> Name : Lemma<br /> <br /> [[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) : [[Lemma]]<br /> <br /> [[User:MZnursardi|MZnursardi]] ([[User talk:MZnursardi|talk]]) : [[Loanword]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Marva|Marva]] ([[User talk:Marva|talk]]) : [[Basa Walikan]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Szasa|Szasa]] ([[User talk:Szasa|talk]]) : [[Denglisch]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Anestyanh|Anestyanh]] ([[User talk:Anestyanh|talk]]) : [[Adjective]]<br /> <br /> [[User:HansJonathanAM|HansJonathanAM]] ([[User talk:HansJonathanAM|talk]]) : [[Hyponym]]<br /> <br /> [[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) : [[Leksem]]</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Avizzardhy&diff=18096 2024-04-25T08:07:10Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>Hello, my name is '''Allya Shafira Vizzardhy''', I usually go by '''Allya'''. I'm an undergraduate student in University of Indonesia majoring in German lit.<br /> My interests lays in different subjects in linguistics, but mainly in sociolinguistics. Still, I'm open to other fields of linguistics because I just love exploring things.&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Avizzardhy&diff=18069 2024-04-25T07:36:48Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>Hello, my name is '''Allya Shafira Vizzardhy''', I usually go by '''Allya'''. I'm an undergraduate student in University of Indonesia majoring in German lit.<br /> My interests lays in different subjects in linguistics, but mainly in sociolinguistics. Still, I'm open to other fields of linguistics because I just love exploring things.&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Contact email: '''allya.shafira@ui.ac.id'''</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Avizzardhy&diff=18036 2024-04-25T07:14:57Z

<p>Avizzardhy: </p> <hr /> <div>Hello, my name is Allya Shafira Vizzardhy, I usually go by Allya. I'm an undergraduate student in University of Indonesia majoring in German lit.<br /> My interests lays in different subjects in linguistics, but mainly in sociolinguistics. Still, I'm open to other fields of linguistics because I just love exploring things.&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Contact email: allya.shafira@ui.ac.id</div>

Avizzardhy http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Avizzardhy&diff=18035 2024-04-25T07:11:46Z

<p>Avizzardhy: Edited my user page as a form of introduction to the page.</p> <hr /> <div>Hello, my name is Allya Shafira Vizzardhy, I usually go by Allya. I'm an undergraduate student in University of Indonesia majoring in German lit.<br /> My interests lays in different subjects in linguistics, but mainly in sociolinguistics. Still, I'm open to other fields of linguistics because I just love exploring things.</div>

Avizzardhy